Etymologically
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rapax

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈra.paːks][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈraː.paks][1]

Forms

rapāx (genitive rapācis, comparative rapācior, superlative rapācissimus, adverb rapāciter); third-declension one-termination adjective[1]

Etymology

It is formed from rapiō (“to snatch, seize”) with the suffix -āx.[2][3] De Vaan traces ⟨rapiō⟩ to Proto-Italic *rap-i- (“to seize”) and Proto-Indo-European *h1rp-i- (“to seize”), cognate with Ancient Greek ἐρέπτομαι (eréptomai, “to devour”) and Albanian rjep (“to tear off, rob”).[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Ennius has the sweeping wave,[2] and Plautus' Menaechmi “quarrelsome, grasping, fraudulent men”.[2][3]

Semantic evolution

It means “given to seizing”, of beasts of prey and of Catullus' Scylla, and as a noun a predator; of rivers and other forces it is “sweeping away”.[2] Of people it is “greedy, rapacious”, as in Plautus, and without blame of nature, which Cicero says seeks out nothing so greedily as its like.[2][4] Rapax was also the title of a legion in Tacitus.[2]

Church Latin glosses it “ravening, rapacious, greedy”, and as a noun “extortioner”.[5]

Timeline

  • 204–169 BC – Ennius of a sweeping wave.[2][6]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of grasping men.[2][3][6]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of greedy nature.[2][6]
  • 98–115 AD – Tacitus of the legion called Rapax.[2][6]
  • 1650s – English rapacious is formed from its stem.[7]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Given to seizing prey; as a noun, a predator; of forces, sweeping away.[2][1]
  2. Greedy, rapacious, grasping.[2][4][1][5]
  3. (Ecclesiastical Latin) An extortioner.[5]

Word family

  • rapācida
  • rapācitās

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  6. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  7. ^ Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com