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quantum

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈkʷan.tũː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈkʷan.tum][1]

Forms

quantum n sg (indeclinable, no genitive)[1]

Etymology

It is the neuter of quantus “how great, as great”, used as a pronoun and an adverb.[2][1][3] De Vaan lists ⟨quantus⟩ among the derivatives of quam, from the relative stem quī, which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *kʷos.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Plautus asks quantī eam ēmit? – vīlī, “how much did he pay for her?” – “a low price”.[2] Köbler cites it from Ennius.[5]

Semantic evolution

As a pronoun quantum asks “how much?” (quantī? “at what price?”), exclaims “how much!”, and relates “as much as” (tantum … quantum, “as much … as”).[2][1] As an adverb it means “how much, how far” and “as far as, in so far as”.[2][1][6]

Church Latin glosses it “as much as, so much as, how much”.[6] Wiktionary lists the legal phrases quantum meruit and quantum satis.[1] English quantum “sum, amount” dates from the 1610s.[3]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: quantī eam ēmit?.[2][5]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence: quantī? – vīgintī minīs, “how much?” – “twenty minae”.[2][5]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero: vōs quantum … dēbētis?, “how much do you owe?”[2][5]
  • 1610s – English quantum.[3]

Meanings

Pronoun

  1. How much?;[2][1] quantī?, at what price?[2][1]
  2. (exclamatory) How much![2]
  3. As much as;[2][1][6] tantum … quantum, as much … as.[2][1][6]

Adverb

  1. How much, how far, to what extent.[2][1][6]
  2. As far as, in so far as.[2][1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b c d e Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson