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provectus

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provectus1 advanced

Forms

prōvectus (feminine prōvecta, neuter prōvectum, comparative prōvectior); first/second-declension adjective[1][2]

Etymology

The adjective “advanced” is from Latin prōvehō (“to carry forward”), its past participle used as an adjective.[1][2]

Earliest recorded meaning

In Cicero's On Old Age the speaker says he began to attend on a man who was not very old, but already aetate provectus, advanced in years.[1][3]

Semantic evolution

With aetate it described people advanced in age, as in Cicero and Nepos;[1] Suetonius uses the plural as a noun for older people, and Seneca has the comparative alone, contrasting an older person with a girl.[1] Of time it meant advanced or late, as in Tacitus' provecta nox, late in the night;[2] Ausonius uses provectior for “older”.[2]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses aetate provectus, advanced in years.[1][2][3]
  • 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses the comparative without aetate.[1][3]
  • c. 75–c. 150 AD – Suetonius uses it as a noun for older people.[1][3]
  • 98–115 AD – Tacitus writes of provecta nox, late night.[2][3]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. (of time) Advanced, late.[1][2]
  2. (of a person, often with aetate) Advanced in years, elderly; as a noun, an older person.[1][4]

provectus2 advancement

Forms

prōvectus m (genitive prōvectūs); fourth declension[4][2]

Etymology

The noun “advancement” is from Latin prōvehō + -tus, a noun of action, formed from both the active and the passive senses of the verb.[5][6]

Earliest recorded meaning

The TLL finds it in prose only from the Old Latin Bible, Irenaeus and Julius Valerius on;[5] Aurelius Victor uses it of the promotion of more honourable men to office.[4][6]

Semantic evolution

It meant both promotion to honours and progress or furtherance: Augustine speaks of the exercise and furtherance of justice,[6] Sidonius of the advance of age (provectu aetatis), and Palladius says that the owner's presence is the land's growth.[6][4] It became frequent with Augustine, Cassiodorus and Gregory the Great.[5]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it also meant glorification,[7] and in Medieval Latin preferment, progress, and advantage or profit.[8]

Timeline

  • c. 360 AD – Aurelius Victor uses it of promotion to honours.[4][6][3]
  • 354–430 AD – Augustine uses it for the furtherance of justice.[6][2][3]
  • end of 4th/beginning of 5th century AD – Palladius uses it for the growth of an estate.[6][3]
  • c. 431–486 AD – Sidonius writes provectu aetatis, as age advances.[6][3]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Advancement, promotion to office or honours.[4][6][8]
  2. Progress, furtherance, increase, growth.[4][6][2]
  3. (Ecclesiastical Latin) Glorification.[7]
  4. (Medieval Latin) Advantage, profit, gain.[8]

Usage notes

Manuscripts often confuse the noun with profectus and proventus.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c d Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ a b c Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill