Etymologically
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praestans

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Forms

praestāns (genitive praestantis); third declension; comparative praestantior, superlative praestantissimus[1]

Etymology

It is the present participle of praestō (“to stand out, excel”) used as an adjective.[1][2][3] The verb is prae (“before”) with stō (“to stand”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *sta-ē-je/o- (“to stand”) and Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-eh₁-ye/o- (“to stand”).[4][5]

Earliest recorded meaning

Ennius addresses someone as Ō praestāns animī, “you who excel in spirit”.[1][3]

Semantic evolution

It is outstanding, surpassing others, excellent, of persons, often with the field of excellence in the genitive or ablative, Cicero praises the virtue of an outstanding man that profits others and costs him.[1] Of things it is excellent in quality or degree, and outstanding in importance, as Cicero's rule that the most important thing is for appetite to obey reason.[1]

Church Latin glosses it “eminent, distinguished, excellent” and also “gracious”.[6]

Timeline

  • 204–169 BC – Ennius of a person outstanding in spirit.[1][3]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of outstanding men and things.[1][3]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Outstanding, excellent, eminent (of persons).[1][6]
  2. (of things) Excellent; most important.[1]

Usage notes

Döderlein groups it with ēminēns, excellēns and praeclārus, which acknowledge superiority quietly, as opposed to ēgregius, said with enthusiasm, and eximius, said with admiration.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  4. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  5. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  6. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  7. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper