Etymologically
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oraculum

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [oːˈraː.kʊ.ɫũː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [oˈraː.ku.lum][1]

Forms

ōrāculum n (genitive ōrāculī); second declension[1]

Etymology

It is from ōrō “to speak, pray” with the suffix -culum.[2][1][3] Ennius has the syncopated ⟨ōrāclum⟩.[4][2] Isidore derives it from ⟨ōs⟩ “mouth”.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler's first source is Ennius, whom he dates 204–169 BC, and Lewis and Short cite Ennius' ex ōrāclō.[5][4]

Semantic evolution

It meant a divine utterance given through a priest or priestess at a shrine, an oracle, as Cicero's ōrāculum ēdere “to give an oracle”, and also the agency or place of such utterance, as Cicero's ōrāculum petere ā Dōdōnā.[2][6] In Columella it meant an oracular saying, a maxim.[2]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant an oracle, revelation, utterance, and also an oratory or shrine.[7] Medieval Latin used it of a chapel for prayer, an oratory, and of a church without parish rights.[8] Through Old French it gave English oracle in the late 14th century.[9]

Timeline

  • 204–169 BC – Ennius has ōrāclum.[4][5]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of divine utterances and of shrines.[2][6][5]
  • 1st century AD – Columella uses it of a maxim.[2][5]
  • late 14th century – English oracle is recorded.[9]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A divine utterance, oracle.[2]
  2. An oracle, the shrine or priest giving it.[2]
  3. A maxim, precept.[2]
  4. (Medieval Latin) An oratory, chapel.[8][7]

Word family

  • ōrāculārius

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  9. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com