Etymologically
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observo

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ɔpˈsɛr.woː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [obˈsɛr.vo][1]

Forms

observō (present infinitive observāre, perfect active observāvī, supine observātum); first conjugation[1]

Etymology

It is from ob- “towards, against” and servō “to watch, keep”.[2][1][3][4] It is also spelled ⟨opservō⟩, and Plautus has the archaic future perfect ⟨observāssō⟩.[2][5]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of keeping an eye on someone and of guarding.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[6]

Semantic evolution

It meant to watch with suspicion, keep one's eye on, to guard, as in Plautus, and in Cicero to watch for a chance to ensnare.[2][5] From Cicero it meant to observe, note, especially omens and heavenly bodies, and in Pliny the Elder to notice natural species.[2][7] From Varro it meant to abide by laws or agreements and to keep festivals.[2] In Cicero it meant to follow a method, to regard as important, and to pay court to, honour.[2] Döderlein lists it with words of respect, as vereor and venerārī.[8]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant to observe, watch, mark, note, regard.[9] It survives in French observer and Italian osservare, and through Old French it gave English observe in the late 14th century, first “to hold to a rule of life”.[1][4]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of watching and guarding.[2][6]
  • 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of keeping laws and festivals.[2][6]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of observing omens.[2][6]
  • late 14th century – English observe is recorded.[4]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To observe, note; to make observations.[2]
  2. To watch, keep an eye on; to guard.[2]
  3. To watch for an opportunity.[2]
  4. To abide by, respect; to keep (a festival).[2]
  5. To follow (a method).[2]
  6. To regard as important; to esteem.[2]
  7. To pay court to, honour.[2]

Word family

  • observābilis
  • observāns
  • observanter
  • observantia
  • observātē
  • observātiō
  • observātor
  • observātrīx
  • observātus
  • observītō

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  5. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  7. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  8. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  9. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson