Etymologically
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nobilis

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈnoː.bɪ.lɪs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈnɔː.bi.lis][1]

Forms

nōbilis (neuter nōbile, comparative nōbilior, superlative nōbilissimus); third-declension two-termination adjective[1]

Etymology

It is from nōscō “to get to know” with the suffix -bilis, so “knowable, known”.[2][1][3] The archaic form ⟨gnōbilis⟩ appears in Livius Andronicus and Accius, as Festus reports.[2][3] Köbler traces it to Proto-Indo-European *ǵneh₃- (“to know”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler's first source is Livius Andronicus, whom he dates 280/260–before 200 BC, with the archaic gnōbilis.[4][2]

Semantic evolution

It meant knowable, known, familiar, as Plautus' neque is umquam nōbilis fuī “I never was known”, and nōbile est “it is well known”.[3][2] It meant renowned, famous, for good or ill, as in Lucilius, remarkable, and of persons distinguished, illustrious.[2] At Rome it was used of those, patrician or plebeian, whose ancestors had held curule office, so noble, well-born, and as a noun a nobleman, and Varro also uses it of animals of good breed.[2] It meant noble in character, grand or majestic in style, as in Horace, and of things superior of their kind.[2] Döderlein explains that celeber and inclutus are used of things more than persons, clārus and illūstris of persons.[5]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant noble, high-born, of distinguished ancestry.[6] Niermeyer notes that the origin of the medieval nobility is much disputed, and the medieval word is open to many interpretations.[7] English noble came through Old French about 1200.[8]

Timeline

  • 280/260–before 200 BC – Livius Andronicus has gnōbilis.[4][2]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of the known and the well-born.[2][4]
  • c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius uses it of famous persons.[2][4]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the distinguished and of noblemen.[2][4]
  • c. 1200 – English noble is recorded.[8]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Known, familiar, nōbile est, it is well known.[2]
  2. Renowned, famous; remarkable.[2]
  3. Distinguished, illustrious; important.[2]
  4. Noble, well-born; as a noun, a nobleman; of animals, well bred.[2]
  5. Noble in character.[2]
  6. Lofty, majestic.[2]
  7. Of things, superior of its kind.[2]

Word family

  • ignōbilis
  • nōbilitās
  • nōbilitō
  • pernōbilis
  • praenōbilis
  • nōbiliter

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  6. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  7. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  8. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com