Etymologically
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magister

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [maˈɡɪs.tɛr][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [maˈd͡ʒis.ter][1]

Forms

magister m (genitive magistrī, feminine magistra); second declension[1] Inscriptions of the 3rd century BC have macister and a nominative plural magistreis, and Quintilian records the old spelling magester.[2][1][3]

Etymology

It is from Latin magis (“more”) + -ter, a contrastive formation meaning “he who is greater”, the counterpart of minister “he who is lesser”.[2][3][1][4] Magis is the comparative of the root Proto-Indo-European *meg- (“great”) seen in magnus.[4][5] Wiktionary reconstructs Proto-Italic *magisteros, and the OLD compares Umbrian mestru (“greater”).[1][2] The jurists explained the word from the greater care those in charge must take.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from inscriptions of the 3rd century BC.[6] Plautus uses it of the head of a curia, of a slave in charge of boys and of a teacher, and Ennius of the Master of the Horse.[2]

Semantic evolution

Magister populi was the old title of the dictator and magister equitum that of his deputy, and the word named the commander of a force, a ship's captain or helmsman, and the head of a religious college or guild, as in the decree on the Bacchanalia of 186 BC.[2][3] It was also the manager of a tax-farming company or a troupe of gladiators, the receiver of a bankrupt's estate, a master of ceremonies, a keeper or driver of animals, a chief herdsman, and an expert at the top of his profession.[2]

Its commonest sense was a teacher: of rhetoric, grammar or law, a schoolmaster or tutor, the slave who accompanied boys, a trainer in fencing or gymnastics, and figuratively anything that teaches, such as fear, “the teacher of duty”.[2][3] Medieval Latin used it for a slave foreman, the head of tenants, a local judge, a market officer or mint-master, a burgomaster, a guild master, a master builder, a provost and a professor, and as the university title of a master licensed to teach.[7][6][1]

Most Romance languages keep it, as Sardinian magistru, Italian maestro, Old French maistre and Romanian măiestru,[8][1] and English master goes back to late Old English mægester, taken directly from Latin and later reshaped after Old French; mister is its unstressed variant.[4]

Timeline

  • 3rd century BC – Inscriptions have macister and magistreis.[2][6]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a teacher and of the head of a curia.[2][6]
  • 204–169 BC – Ennius names the magister equitum.[2][6]
  • 186 BC – The decree on the Bacchanalia forbids anyone to be magister of the rites.[2]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of teachers of rhetoric, tax farmers and models to imitate.[2][6]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a helmsman.[2][6]
  • 773 – A charter has a medieval sense.[6]
  • late Old English period – English Master is borrowed into English.[4]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A chief, a director, as in magister populi, the dictator, and magister equitum, the Master of the Horse.[2][3]
  2. A military commander.[2]
  3. A ship's captain; a helmsman.[2]
  4. The head of a college or guild; the president of a district's rites.[2]
  5. A manager of a company or troupe; a receiver in bankruptcy; a master of ceremonies.[2]
  6. A keeper or driver of animals; a chief herdsman.[2]
  7. An expert, a master of a craft.[2]
  8. A teacher, a schoolmaster, a tutor; a trainer; a model to imitate.[2][3]
  9. (Medieval Latin) A foreman; a manorial officer; a mint-master; a guild master; a master builder; a professor; a university master.[7][6][1]

Word family

  • commagister
  • magisterius
  • magistra
  • magistrālis
  • magistrātus
  • magistrianus
  • magistrō
  • prōmagister
  • ludimagister
  • magisterium
  • magisterō

Usage notes

Döderlein takes magister as the teacher in a general sense, superior in knowledge to the laity, doctor as one who imparts theory and praeceptor as one who leads to practice.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b c d Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  5. ^ Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  7. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  8. ^ Buchi, Éva; Schweickard, Wolfgang, eds. (2008–), Dictionnaire Étymologique Roman (DÉRom), Nancy: ATILF, http://www.atilf.fr/DERom
  9. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper