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luteus

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Two adjectives are spelled luteus: lūteus “yellow”, from lūtum “weld”, and luteus “of mud”, from lutum “mud”.[1][2]

luteus1 yellow

Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈɫuː.te.ʊs][3]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈluː.te.us][3]

Forms

lūteus (feminine lūtea, neuter lūteum); first/second-declension adjective[3]

Etymology

The yellow is from Latin lūtum (“weld, dyer's weed”) + -eus.[1][3][4] Wiktionary finds the origin of lūtum unknown: perhaps a form ⟨clūtum⟩ from the root of fel and helvus, or more likely a substrate word related to the source of Proto-West Germanic *waldu (“dyer's weed”).[3] Roman philosophers connected the colour with dīlūtus (“washed out”).[3] Döderlein derives it from Ancient Greek λωτός (lōtós).[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Plautus.[6] Lewis & Short first quote Varro, in Nonius, of a golden-yellow pigment.[4]

Semantic evolution

It is yellow, especially a bright, reddish or orange yellow: Horace has a yellow pallor and Tibullus a saffron-yellow robe.[1][4] It is the flame colour of a bride's veil, in Catullus and Lucan.[4] Of dawn it is rosy or saffron: Virgil has Aurora shining yellow in her rosy chariot, and Ovid the yellow Dawn.[4] As a noun ⟨lūteum⟩ is yellow, and in Pliny the Elder the yolk of an egg.[4] Döderlein calls it a decided yellow, like that of an egg yolk, unlike the fainter ⟨gilvus⟩ and ⟨helvus⟩ or the paler ⟨flāvus⟩ and ⟨lūridus⟩.[5]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus.[6]
  • 116–27 BC – Varro of a yellow pigment.[4][6]
  • 65–8 BC – Horace of a yellow pallor.[4][6]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil of saffron Aurora.[4][6]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Yellow, golden or saffron-yellow, orange-yellow.[1][4][3]
  2. Flame-coloured; of dawn, rosy.[4]
  3. (neuter as noun) Yellow; the yolk of an egg.[4]

Word family

  • lūteolus
  • lūteum
  • sublūteus

luteus2 of mud

Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈɫʊ.te.ʊs][3]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈluː.te.us][3]

Forms

luteus (feminine lutea, neuter luteum); first/second-declension adjective[3]

Etymology

The adjective “of mud” is from Latin lutum2 (“mud, clay”) + -eus.[1][3][4] De Vaan traces lutum to Proto-Italic *luto- and Proto-Indo-European *l(H)u-to- (“dirt”), comparing Old Irish loth (“dirt”) and Ancient Greek λῦμα (lûma, “dirty water, moral filth”).[7]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan and Köbler date it from Plautus,[7][6] who calls a prostitute worthless and dirty unless she minds her own business over her wine.[1][4]

Semantic evolution

It is made of mud or clay: Vitruvius has walls built of dried clods, and Ovid the swallow's nest.[1][4] Prudentius uses it of Adam, the man of clay.[4] Figuratively it is worthless: Cicero calls a man and a business in the Verrines worthless.[1][4] It is also muddy or dirty: Horace has the muddy source of the Rhine, Plautus uses it as abuse, and Juvenal has grimy Vulcan.[1] Martial has a body smeared with wrestler's ointment.[1] The TLL notes Italian and Romance words for mud that go back to its feminine.[8] Church Latin glosses it of clay.[9]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a worthless prostitute.[1][7][6]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of a worthless man.[1][4][6]
  • 65–8 BC – Horace of the muddy Rhine.[1][6]
  • c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius of clay walls.[1][6]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Made of mud or clay.[1][4][3][9]
  2. (figurative) Worthless, good-for-nothing.[1][4][3]
  3. Muddy, dirty, grimy; smeared.[1][4][3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  2. ^ Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  7. ^ a b c de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  8. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  9. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson