Etymologically
Log in

ludus

This is an old revision of this entry, as edited by bogdan on 18 October 2026 at 20:57. It may differ significantly from the current version. This address is a permanent link to this version.
Current version Changes in this edit History

Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈɫuː.dʊs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈluː.dus][1]

Forms

lūdus m (genitive lūdī); second declension[1] Archaic loed- and loid- are found in inscriptions and in Cicero's laws.[2] An inscription has the ablative plural lūdibus.[2]

Etymology

De Vaan takes it as probably formed from the verb lūdō (“to play”), since no equivalent noun is found in the related languages;[3][1] the OLD also compares the verb.[2] lūdō goes back to Proto-Italic *loid-e/o- (“to play”) and Proto-Indo-European *loid- (“to let go repeatedly, play”).[3] Köbler compares the root Proto-Indo-European *leid- (“to play, jest”).[4]

Cognate (through the verb) with Lithuanian léisti (“to let”) and Ancient Greek λίζει (lízei, “plays”), a word in Hesychius.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Ennius.[4] Plautus has mercātor vēnit hūc ad lūdōs Lēmnius, “a merchant from Lemnos came here for the games”, and inest lepōs lūdusque in hāc cōmoediā, “there is charm and fun in this comedy”.[2]

Semantic evolution

Lūdus is sport and play, a game or pastime, and a show put on to amuse.[2][5][1] In the plural lūdī are the public games and shows held in the circus (lūdī circēnsēs) or the theatre (lūdī scaenicī), which the aediles gave (Cicero: trīnōs lūdōs aedīlis fēceram, “as aedile I had given three sets of games”); hence lūdōs facere aliquem, “to make a fool of someone”.[2][1] It is also fun, merriment, frivolity.[2][1]

It is a place of training, above all an elementary school (lūdus litterārius); Plautus mentions a school for lyre-players, and Cicero calls the house of Isocrates a school of oratory for all Greece.[2][1] A lūdus gladiātōrius is a school for gladiators.[2] Church Latin glosses it “game, sport, pastime, fun, play”.[6]

Timeline

  • 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it.[4]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: ad lūdōs;[2][4] lepōs lūdusque; a school for lyre-players.[2][4]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero: trīnōs lūdōs;[2][4] lūdus gladiātōrius.[2][4]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar mentions gladiators in a school at Capua.[2][4]

Meanings

Noun

  1. play, sport, a game, pastime.[2][5][1][6]
  2. A show, entertainment.[2]
  3. (plural) Public games, shows in the circus or theatre.[2][1]
  4. lūdōs facere aliquem: to make a fool of someone.[2]
  5. Fun, merriment, frivolity.[2][1]
  6. A school, especially an elementary school; a gladiatorial school.[2][1]

Word family

  • lūdibrium
  • ludimagister
  • lūdius
  • oblūdiō
  • lūdicer
  • lūdiō

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson