Etymologically
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insanus

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ĩːˈsaː.nʊs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [inˈsaː.nus][1]

Forms

īnsānus (feminine īnsāna, neuter īnsānum, comparative īnsānior, superlative īnsānissimus); first/second-declension adjective[1]

Etymology

It is from the negative prefix in- and sānus “healthy, sound”.[2][1][3] Cicero remarks that the first syllable is long in ⟨īnsānus⟩, as in other compounds with ⟨in-⟩ before ⟨s⟩.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of madness and of crazy behaviour.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[4]

Semantic evolution

It meant of unsound mind, mad, frenzied, as in Cicero and Juvenal, and in Ennius possessed by a god.[2][5] It was used hyperbolically of people acting crazily, of conduct and emotions, and of things beyond reasonable limits, extravagant, as Cicero's mad expenses.[2][6] Poets use it of raging winds and seas, as Virgil, and Ovid of what drives one mad.[2] The Īnsānī montēs were a mountain range in Sardinia, named by Livy.[2] Döderlein distinguishes āmēns, without reason, from dēmēns, acting against reason.[7]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant mad, insane, foolish.[8] English insane came in the 1550s, of persons, “mentally damaged”.[9]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of madness.[2][4]
  • 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of divine possession.[2][4]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of raging winds.[2][4]
  • 1550s – English insane is recorded.[9]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Of unsound mind, mad, frenzied; possessed.[2]
  2. Crazy, acting as if mad; of conduct, insane.[2]
  3. Extravagant, absurd, wild.[2]
  4. (poetic) Of winds or seas, raging, tempestuous.[2]
  5. Maddening.[2]

Word family

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  8. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  9. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com