iniurior

Forms

iniūrior (present infinitive iniūriārī, perfect active iniūriātus sum); first conjugation, deponent^[1]

Etymology

It is a deponent verb from Latin iniūria (“injury, wrong”).^[2][3][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Seneca may have it in the De constantia sapientis, of everything due to chance that “rages and does injury” short of us, but the reading is doubtful.^[2]

Semantic evolution

It is post-Augustan and rare.^[2] Tertullian uses it impersonally, plūs victōriātum est quam iniūriātum (“there was more victory than injury”),^[2] and the participle iniūriātus appears in Cassiodorus of an injured elephant.^[2] Gaffiot classes it as a word of the late period, beside an active iniūriō in a letter of Saint Gregory.^[3] Wiktionary gives the senses “to injure” and “to wrong” as Late Latin.^[1] English injure is probably a back-formation from injury, or else comes from Old French, from this Latin verb.^[4]

Timeline

• 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca has it in a doubtful reading.^[2][5]
• c. 160–220 AD – Tertullian uses the impersonal iniūriātum est.^[2][5]
• c. 485–c. 580 AD – Cassiodorus writes of an elephās iniūriātus.^[2][5]

Meanings

Verb

1. To injure, do injury to.^[2][1]
2. To wrong, outrage.^[1][3]

Related words

• iniūriō
• English injure

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
3. ^ a b c Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
4. ^ Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
5. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de