Etymologically
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iners

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈɪ.nɛrs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈiː.ners][1]

Forms

iners (genitive inertis, comparative inertior, superlative inertissimus); third-declension one-termination adjective[1] The ablative singular is usually inertī;[2][3] Ovid has inerte.[2][3] Manuscripts often spell it inhers.[4]

Etymology

It is formed from the negative prefix in- (“not”) and ars (“skill, art”), as sollers (“skilful”) is from ⟨sollus⟩ and ⟨ars⟩.[2][4][1] De Vaan traces ⟨ars⟩ to Proto-Italic *arti- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂r-tí- (“the fitting”), cognate with Avestan arəiti- (“reward”) and Ancient Greek ἄρτι (árti, “just, exactly”).[5] Lucilius already plays on it: a man is called ⟨iners⟩ who has no ⟨ars⟩.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler and de Vaan record it from Naevius on.[6][5] Ennius, in a tragedy, scorns superstitious seers and shameless soothsayers, aut inertēs aut īnsānī, “either unskilled or mad”.[2]

Semantic evolution

From “without skill, clumsy, crude” the word passed to its usual sense, “inactive, idle, lazy”: Plautus' false friends are linguā factiōsī, inertēs operā, “busy with the tongue, idle in deed”.[2][1] It is used of sluggish old age (Tibullus), of idle time and of useless things, of men without spirit, unmanly (Cicero: idle men plotting against the bravest), and of inert matter such as heavy clods (Virgil).[2] It also means powerless, feeble, ineffective, of words, of weak medicines, of tasteless food (Horace), and of an impotent man (Catullus).[2][1]

Church Latin glosses it “simple, inactive, idle, lazy”.[7] English inert (1640s) came from French inerte or directly from Latin.[8]

Timeline

  • c. 235–200 BC – Naevius, its first recorded use.[6][5]
  • 204–169 BC – Ennius of unskilled seers.[2][6]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of idle friends.[2][6]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil of heavy clods.[2][6]
  • 1640s – English inert.[8]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Unskilled, clumsy, crude.[2][1]
  2. Inactive, idle, lazy, sluggish;[2][1][7] (of time) unemployed.[2][1][7]
  3. Useless, worthless.[2][1]
  4. Spiritless, cowardly, unmanly; tame.[2][1]
  5. (of matter) Motionless, inert.[2][1]
  6. Powerless, ineffective;[2][1] (of food) insipid; impotent.[2][1]

Word family

  • inertia
  • inerticulus
  • inersitūdō
  • inerter
  • ars
  • sollers
  • English inert

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  5. ^ a b c de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  6. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  7. ^ a b c Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com