indu

Forms

indu (+ accusative, ablative)^[1] The older spelling is endo.^[2][3][4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *endo (“in, into”), inherited from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó (“inside”).^[1][4] De Vaan explains the short final ⟨-o⟩ as kept from Proto-Indo-European, and the change of ⟨en-⟩ to ⟨in-⟩ as the regular raising before a nasal and consonant.^[4] He rejects Leumann's idea that it was borrowed from Greek.^[4] The TLL analyses it as ⟨en⟩ with a particle ⟨do⟩ “to”, as in dōnec and quandō.^[2]

Cognate with Old Irish and (“in it”), Hittite anda (“into, within”), Cuneiform Luwian ānta (“into”) and Ancient Greek ἔνδον (éndon, “inside, at home”).^[4][3][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Its older form endo is in the Duenos inscription, where de Vaan glosses ted endo as “to you”,^[4][2][5] and in the Twelve Tables.^[2][4][5]

Semantic evolution

The Twelve Tables use endo with the ablative for “in” and with the accusative for “into” and “within” a span of days.^[2] De Vaan finds endo and indu from Ennius to Cicero only as archaisms:^[4] Ennius writes indu forō and indu marī,^[2][6] Lucilius and Lucretius follow him,^[2] and Cicero quotes endo caelō from an old law in De legibus.^[2] The legal formula of mancipation in Gaius kept endo mandātēlā tuā.^[2]

Lucretius also uses it as an adverb, iacere indu manūs for inicere.^[3] As a prefix, indu- and endo- stood for in-¹ in old words such as indupediō and induperātor.^[3][4][2]

Timeline

• 7th–late 3rd century BC – The Duenos inscription has endo.^[4][2][5]
• c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use endo with the ablative and the accusative.^[2][5]
• 204–169 BC – Ennius writes indu forō and indu marī.^[2][6][5]
• 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses indu as a preposition and as an adverb.^[3][2][5]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero quotes endo caelō from an old law.^[2][5]

Meanings

Preposition

1. (Old Latin) in, within (with the ablative).^[3][2][1]
2. (Old Latin) into, to (with the accusative).^[2][1]

Adverb

1. (Old Latin) In, into (in iacere indu = inicere).^[3]

Word family

• indolēs
• induō
• industrius
• indigena
• indigeō
• indipīscor
• indupediō
• induperātor

Usage notes

It is the archaic equivalent of in.^[3][6]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
5. ^ a b c d e f g Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ a b c Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn