Etymologically
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increpito

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ɪŋˈkrɛ.pɪ.toː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [iŋˈkrɛː.pi.to][1]

Forms

increpitō (present infinitive increpitāre, perfect active increpitāvī, supine increpitātum); first conjugation[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin increpō (“to make a noise at, rebuke”) + -itō.[2][1] increpō is a compound of in- and crepō (“to rattle, creak”),[1] which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *krepa- and Proto-Indo-European *ḱrep- (“to rattle, crackle”).[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Plautus has it of scolding: “did he scold his son?”, numquid increpitavit filium?[2]

Semantic evolution

It is to call or cry out to someone.[4] Reproachfully it is to chide, scold or rebuke,[2][4] as in Caesar, who has the Belgae chided and blamed and the besieged jeering from the wall and taunting with words, and in Livy.[4] Only Virgil uses it encouragingly, as a challenge.[4] With an accusative and dative it is to bring forward as a reproach, as in Propertius' mirror that reproaches you with wrinkles,[2] and Silius has it of accusing someone of sloth.[4] Intransitively it is to make a loud noise or roar, as in Silius' blaze that roars mournfully round a king's tent.[2] Statius uses it once of beating the breast.[4]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus, of scolding a son.[2][5]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar, of chiding and taunting.[4][5]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil, of a challenge.[4][5]
  • 25–101 AD – Silius Italicus, of a roaring blaze.[2][5]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To call or cry out to;[4][1] to challenge.[4]
  2. To chide, scold, reproach;[2][4][1] to bring forward as a reproach.[2][4]
  3. To make a loud noise, to roar.[2]
  4. To beat, strike.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de