Etymologically
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impotens

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈɪm.pɔ.tẽːs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈim.po.tens][1]

Forms

impotēns (genitive impotentis, superlative impotentissimus, adverb impotenter); third-declension one-termination adjective[1] It is also spelled inpotēns.[2][3]

Etymology

It is formed from the negative in- (“not”) and potēns (“powerful”).[2][4][1] De Vaan derives ⟨potēns⟩ from a stative verb Proto-Italic *potē- (“to be master”), from the noun *poti- (“master”), Proto-Indo-European *pótis (“master, lord”), cognate with Sanskrit पति (páti-, “lord, master”), Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis, “husband”) and Lithuanian pàts (“husband”).[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

Its first example in the OLD is Terence's Andria, of a man “so headstrong” as to want to keep her against the citizens' custom;[2][6] Köbler gives Cicero.[2][6]

Semantic evolution

It is powerless or weak, as Cicero's laws that serve “the help of the powerless”.[2][3] With a genitive it is having no control over something, as Livy's Gauls blazing with anger, “which that race cannot control”, and impotēns suī is beside oneself.[2]

Absolutely it is lacking self-control, headstrong, violent or intemperate, of persons, of feelings and acts, as Cicero's “so unbridled and cruel inhumanity”, and in poetry of the wild sea, as Catullus' “so many raging straits”.[2][3] In medieval Latin it is helpless, unable to defend oneself.[7] English impotent came from it through Old French in the late 14th century.[8]

Timeline

  • 190–159 BC – Terence of a headstrong man.[2][6]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of the powerless and of unbridled cruelty.[2][6]
  • 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of uncontrolled anger.[2][6]
  • late 14th century – English impotent.[8]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Powerless, weak, impotent.[2][3][1]
  2. (with genitive) Having no control over; incapable of;[2][1] impotēns suī, beside oneself.[2][1]
  3. Lacking self-control, headstrong, violent, unbridled;[2][3][1] (of the sea) raging.[2][3][1]
  4. (Medieval Latin) Helpless, unable to defend oneself.[7]

Word family

  • impotentia
  • impotenter

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  5. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  6. ^ a b c d e Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  7. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  8. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com