Etymologically
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gratuitus

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ɡraː.tuˈiː.tʊs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ɡra.tuˈiː.tus][1]

Forms

grātuītus (feminine grātuīta, neuter grātuītum, adverb grātuītō); first/second-declension adjective[1] The ī is long in Plautus, short in Statius.[2]

Etymology

It is from the root of grātia “favour” and grātus “pleasing”, with the ending of fortuītus, and the OLD derives it from grātēs “thanks”.[2][1][3] De Vaan traces ⟨grātus⟩ to Proto-Italic *gʷrāto-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-tó- (“praised”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citation is from Plautus, of what costs nothing.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[5]

Semantic evolution

It meant costing nothing, free, gratuitous, as in Plautus; unpaid, disinterested, as in Cicero's grātuīta suffrāgia “votes not bought” and his contrast with mercennārius; bringing no profit; of loans, free of interest, as in Seneca; and without sufficient reason, spontaneous, unprovoked, as in Livy.[2][6]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant free, voluntary, spontaneous.[7] Medieval Latin used it for useless, unprofitable, and for undeserved.[8] English gratuitous (1650s, “freely bestowed”) is from it; the sense “uncalled for” came later.[3]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.[2][5]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it.[2][5]
  • 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of the unprovoked.[2][5]
  • 1650s – English gratuitous is recorded.[3]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Free of charge, gratuitous.[2]
  2. Unpaid, disinterested; unprofitable.[2][6]
  3. (of loans) Free of interest.[2]
  4. Spontaneous, unprovoked.[2]

Word family

  • grātuītās
  • grātuītō

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill