Etymologically
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fulcio

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈfʊɫ.ki.oː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈful̠ʲ.t͡ʃi.o][1]

Forms

fulciō (present infinitive fulcīre, perfect active fulsī, supine fultum); fourth conjugation[1]

Etymology

Its origin is unclear.[2] It is often linked with Ancient Greek φάλκης (phálkēs, “rib of a ship”), Ancient Greek φάλαγξ (phálanx, “beam”) and Old High German balko (“beam”), and through them with the root Proto-Indo-European *bʰelǵʰ- (“to swell”), which gave words for “beam” in Baltic, such as Lithuanian balžiena (“long beam”).[2][3][1] De Vaan finds the link between “prop” and “swell” unclear, and notes that the velar suffixes do not match, so at most a root *bʰel- with different suffixes can be posited.[2] fulcrum goes back to *fulk-(t)lo- and the perfect fulsī to *fulk-s-.[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan dates it from Plautus, whose character is propped up comfortably.[2][3] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[4]

Semantic evolution

It meant to hold up, support, prop, as a vine that falls to the ground unless supported in Cicero, to brace a door with a bar, and to prop a person on cushions.[3][5] It could also mean to press down, tread.[3] Of the body it meant to strengthen, fortify, as Lucretius' food that sustains everything, and by transfer to support a state or a friend, with money or with encouragement, as Cicero's knight whom a friend kept from falling.[3] Döderlein contrasts fulcīrī, to prop oneself so as not to fall, with nītor, to lean in order to climb or move forward.[6]

English fulcrum was taken from its derivative in the 1670s, first in mechanics.[7]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of propping a person up.[3][4]
  • 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of food sustaining the body.[3][4]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of supporting a vine and a friend.[3][4]
  • 1670s – English fulcrum is recorded.[7]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To hold up, support, prop.[3]
  2. To press down, tread.[3]
  3. To strengthen, fortify (the body).[3]
  4. (figurative) To support, sustain.[3]

Word family

  • circumfulcio
  • confulciō
  • effultus
  • fulcīmen
  • fulcīmentum
  • fulcipedia
  • fulcrum
  • fulmentum
  • fultor
  • fultūra
  • infulciō
  • offulciō
  • English fulcrum

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  6. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  7. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com