Etymologically
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firmamentum

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [fɪr.maːˈmɛn.tũː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [fir.maˈmɛn.tum][1]

Forms

firmāmentum n (genitive firmāmentī); second declension[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin firmō (“to strengthen”) + -mentum, that which strengthens or supports.[2][1][3] De Vaan traces firmus (“firm”) to Proto-Italic *fermo- and Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-mo- (“holding”), comparing Sanskrit धर्मन् (dhárman-, “support, fixed order, law”).[4] Wiktionary explains the sense “sky” as a rendering in the Vulgate of the Septuagint's Ancient Greek στερέωμα (steréōma, “firm or solid structure”).[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

De Vaan and Köbler date it from Afranius,[4][5] in whom a man seeks a wife as the support of the family.[2]

Semantic evolution

It is a support, prop or stay, and the strengthening of a structure: Caesar has cross-beams laid as a support, Livy the strength of a rampart.[2][6] Lewis & Short find it classical and frequent in Cicero in a figurative sense, a mainstay: Cicero says truth has too little support and strength.[6][2] In rhetoric it is what supports an argument, the central point of a case.[2] In the Bible it became the firmament, the sky fixed above the earth.[1][7] In Medieval Latin it was also a roof, a fortification, a confirmation or a charter confirming a grant, and an oath to refrain from hostile acts.[8] English firmament dates from the mid-13th century, from Old French or directly from Latin.[9]

Timeline

  • 2nd half of 2nd century BC – Afranius of a wife as the support of a family.[2][4][5]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of the support of truth and of an argument.[2][5]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar of beams as a support.[6][5]
  • mid-13th century – English firmament.[9]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A support, prop, stay; a strengthening.[2][6][1][7]
  2. A mainstay; of persons, a support.[2][6]
  3. (rhetoric) What supports an argument; the main point of a case.[2][1]
  4. (Ecclesiastical Latin) The firmament, the sky.[1][7][8]
  5. (Medieval Latin) A roof; a fortification; a confirmation, a confirmatory charter.[8]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b c de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b c d e Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ a b c Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ a b c Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  9. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com