fidelis

Pronunciation

• IPA (Classical): [fɪˈdeː.lɪs]^[1]
• IPA (Ecclesiastical): [fiˈdɛː.lis]^[1]

Forms

fidēlis (neuter fidēle, comparative fidēlior, superlative fidēlissimus, adverb fidēliter); third-declension two-termination adjective^[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin fidēs (“faith, trust”) + -ēlis.^[2][1][3] Fidēs is *fiþ-ē- (“trust”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰidʰ-eh₁- (“faith”), from the root of fīdō “to trust”.^[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is found from Naevius onwards.^[3] Plautus asks “do me this faithful service”.^[2]

Semantic evolution

Of persons it meant keeping faith, faithful, loyal, as Cicero's good parent or faithful guardian, and of actions done in good faith, as Cicero's brave and faithful help.^[2][4] It also meant trustworthy, reliable, as Plautus' “you can send no one more trustworthy”.^[2]

As a noun it meant a trusted follower, from Cicero onwards.^[5] In Christian Latin it meant believing, a believer, and in medieval Latin a vassal.^[6][5] Romance kept it, as Spanish fiel and Italian fedele.^[1]

Timeline

• c. 235–200 BC – Naevius uses it.^[3][5]
• c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of loyal service and a trusty messenger.^[2][5]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of friends and as a noun.^[4][5]

Meanings

Adjective

1. Faithful, loyal, devoted.^[2][1]
2. Done in good faith, sincere.^[2][4]
3. Trustworthy, reliable.^[2][1]
4. (Christian Latin) Believing.^[6][1]

Noun

1. A trusted follower, confidant.^[1][5]
2. (Christian Latin) A believer, (Medieval Latin) a vassal.^[6][5]

Word family

• confidelis
• fidēlitās
• īnfidēlis
• perfidēlis

Related words

• fides
• fidus
• English fidelity
• English infidel

Usage notes

Döderlein says fidus names a natural quality, “trustworthy”, while fidelis names a moral one, “faithful”.^[7]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
4. ^ a b c Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
5. ^ a b c d e f g Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
6. ^ a b c Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
7. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper