Etymologically
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fertilis

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈfɛr.tɪ.lɪs][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfɛr.ti.lis][1]

Forms

fertilis (neuter fertile, comparative fertilior, superlative fertilissimus); third-declension two-termination adjective[1]

Etymology

It is from ferō “to bear” with the suffix -ilis, the ⟨t⟩ probably by analogy with other deverbal adjectives in ⟨-ilis⟩ built on participle stems.[2][1] The TLL compares the Paelignian ablative or adverb ⟨fertlid⟩.[3] Etymonline traces ⟨ferō⟩ to Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry, bear”).[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler's first source is Cicero, whom he dates 81–43 BC, and the OLD's earliest citations for fertile land are from Cicero too.[5][2]

Semantic evolution

It meant fruitful, productive, fertile, of land and the sea, as Cicero's observation that a field, however fertile, bears nothing without cultivation.[2][6] Virgil uses it of prolific trees, Propertius of an abundant year, and Pliny of being rich in non-organic products and of what is profitable.[2][7] Ovid uses it of fertile invention and of what is produced in abundance, and Tibullus of what is life-giving.[2] Döderlein explains that fēcundus is the fruitfulness of a breeding creature, while fertilis and ferāx are that of land and plants.[8]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant fertile, fruitful, prolific.[9] English fertile came in the mid-15th century, from Old French and directly from Latin.[4]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of fertile land.[2][5]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of prolific trees.[2][5]
  • 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of fertile invention.[2][5]
  • mid-15th century – English fertile is recorded.[4]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Of land, fruitful, productive, fertile; of plants, prolific.[2]
  2. Rich in, abounding in.[2]
  3. Profitable, lucrative.[2]
  4. Inventive, imaginative.[2]
  5. Life-giving, fertilizing.[2]
  6. Produced in abundance, lush.[2]

Word family

  • fertilitās
  • īnfertilis
  • praefertilis
  • fertiliter

References

  1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  8. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  9. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson