exinde

Forms

exinde (not comparable)^[1] Shortened forms are exin (Ennius, Plautus, Cicero) and exim (Ennius, Plautus, Lucretius, Virgil, Tacitus).^[2][3] Cicero notes that exin is often said for exinde, as dein for deinde.^[2][3]

Etymology

It is from Latin ex (“out of, from”) + inde (“thence”).^[4][1][5] The TLL compares the formation of deinde (“then”), and Lewis & Short explain ⟨exin⟩ as shortened like ⟨dein⟩ and ⟨proin⟩.^[4][3] The grammarian Servius notes that it is one word and is accented on the third syllable from the end, although the second is long.^[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's first example is Ennius' Annals: “then my father seems to address me”.^[2] Köbler dates it from Plautus.^[6]

Semantic evolution

It is above all an adverb of time, thereafter or next, and with a temporal conjunction it means from the moment that, as Plautus writes “as soon as I saw the door, I rushed in”.^[2] It also marks the next item in a sequence, as in Cicero's Aratea, and, with ut, proportion: in Plautus the sail turns according to the wind.^[2] Of place or source it means thence, from it, as Gellius picks out passages from his reading.^[2] Tacitus uses ⟨exim⟩ for that reason, as a cause.^[2] Church Latin glosses it henceforth, thereupon, therefrom.^[5]

Timeline

• 204–169 BC – Ennius in the sense then, thereafter.^[2][6]
• c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of the moment from which something happens.^[2][6]
• 81–43 BC – Cicero of the next in a series.^[2][6]
• 98–115 AD – Tacitus of a cause.^[2][6]
• c. 165 AD – Gellius of taking extracts from a source.^[2][6]

Meanings

Adverb

1. Thereafter, after that, subsequently, next.^[2][3][1]
2. With ut and similar, from the moment that.^[2]
3. Next in order or sequence.^[2][1]
4. With ut, in the same measure as, according as.^[2]
5. From it, thence; from that source.^[2][3]
6. For that reason.^[2]

Related words

• deinde
• proinde

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
3. ^ a b c d e Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
4. ^ a b c Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
5. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
6. ^ a b c d e f Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de