Etymologically
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exaestuo

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ɛkˈsae̯s.tu.oː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [eɡˈzɛs.tu.o][1]

Forms

exaestuō (present infinitive exaestuāre, perfect active exaestuāvī, supine exaestuātum); first conjugation[1]

Etymology

It is from Latin ex- + aestuō (“to boil, surge”).[2][3] aestuō comes from aestus (“heat, surge”), which de Vaan traces with aestās (“summer”) to Proto-Indo-European *h₂eidʰ-tu- (“burning, heat”), doubting that their ⟨-st-⟩ is the regular outcome.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

In the OLD's earliest quotations Virgil has the deepest wave seething in eddies, and a mind boiling with anger.[2][5]

Semantic evolution

It is to boil, foam or surge up, of liquids: Livy has the sea surging.[2][6] Of fire it is to blaze up: Seneca has a fire kindled in some deep valley seething.[2] Of people and feelings it is to seethe or rage, as anger in Virgil.[2] Lewis & Short note that it is not frequent until after the Augustan age, and not in Cicero or Caesar.[6] Arnobius uses the present participle almost as an adjective.[3] Church Latin glosses it to heat, boil, burn.[7]

Timeline

  • 70–19 BC – Virgil of a seething wave and of anger.[2][5]
  • 59 BC–17 AD – Livy of the surging sea.[6][5]
  • 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of a raging fire.[2][5]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To boil up, foam, surge, seethe.[2][6][1][7]
  2. Of fire, to blaze up, rage.[2]
  3. Of people and feelings, to seethe, rage.[2][1]

Word family

  • exaestuatio

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b c d Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  7. ^ a b Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson