Etymologically
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custumarius

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Forms

custumārius (feminine custumāria, neuter custumārium); first/second-declension adjective[1] Also spelled customārius, costumārius and custimārius.[1][2]

Etymology

It is from Latin custuma + -ārius,[1] from the Medieval Latin word for custom and customary payment, which the DMLBS derives from Old French custume, from cōnsuētūdō (“custom”).[2] Etymonline instead calls it a contraction of cōnsuētūdinārius.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler cites Latham for the noun about 1230.[1] The DMLBS's earliest dated quotation is from a forest inquest of 1244, which asks whether foresters have custumarii paying them yearly rents.[2]

Semantic evolution

The word belongs to the records of English manors, towns and ports.[2] As an adjective it described land, services and payments owed by custom, and a person bound by custom; as a noun it was the customary (unfree) tenant.[2][1] It also named a customer owing suit at a lord's mill, a toll-paying member of a guild, and a collector of customs in England and Scotland, while the neuter meant a custumal, a book of customs.[2] An adjective “habitual” was used of offenders and of merchant ships that called regularly.[2]

Through Anglo-French custumer it gave English customer, first a customs official and then a regular buyer, and later customary.[3] The customs collector is still the sense in Camden's annals of 1590.[4]

Timeline

  • c. 1230 – Latham's first date for the noun.[1]
  • 1244 – A forest inquest speaks of custumarii paying yearly rents.[2]
  • 1275 – The Wakefield court rolls use it of customers of a mill.[2]
  • c. 1283 – Customary lands are called terrae costumariae.[2]
  • c. 1290 – Fleta uses it of the customary plough-teams.[2][1]
  • 1328 – It names collectors of customs at Sandwich.[2]
  • late 14th century – English borrows customer as “customs official”.[3]
  • 1400 – It names the custumal of a manor.[2]
  • 1520s – English customary “liable to customs” appears.[3]
  • 1590 – Camden calls a farmer of the port dues custumarius.[4]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. (Medieval Latin) Customary: of land subject to customary services, of services and payments due from customary tenants, of persons bound by custom.[2][1]
  2. (Medieval Latin) Habitual, of an offender or of a merchant ship calling regularly.[2]

Noun

  1. (Medieval Latin) A customary (unfree) tenant.[2][1]
  2. (Medieval Latin) A customer owing suit at a mill.[2]
  3. (Medieval Latin) A person paying a toll; a lesser, toll-paying member of a guild.[2][1]
  4. (Medieval Latin) A collector of customs.[2][1][4]
  5. (Medieval Latin, neuter) A custumal, a book of customs.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c d Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  4. ^ a b c Ramminger, Johann, Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700, www.neulatein.de