Etymologically
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conscientia

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [kõː.skiˈɛn.ti.a][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [kon̠ʲ.ʃiˈɛn.t͡si.a][1]

Forms

cōnscientia f (genitive cōnscientiae); first declension[1] The plural is rare.[2]

Etymology

It is from cōnscius or cōnsciō “to be aware” with the suffix -ia, a calque of Ancient Greek συνείδησις (suneídēsis, “joint knowledge; conscience”).[2][1] ⟨Cōnsciō⟩ is from con- and sciō “to know”, which de Vaan thinks probably a back-formation from ⟨nescīre⟩, perhaps from a root meaning “to cut, distinguish”.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citations are from Cicero, of knowledge shared with others.[2] Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.[4]

Semantic evolution

It was knowledge held in common with others, joint knowledge, complicity, as in Cicero; awareness of something one has done, consciousness, as in Seneca; and, with animī or mentis or alone, the inward sense of the rightness or wrongness of one's actions, conscience, as in Cicero.[2][5]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant conscience, consciousness, acknowledgment.[6] British Medieval Latin used it for shared knowledge and complicity in guilt.[7] English conscience (about 1200, “the faculty of knowing what is right”) came through Old French and directly from Latin.[8] It also survives in Italian coscienza and French conscience.[1]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of joint knowledge and of conscience.[2][4]
  • 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of consciousness.[2][4]
  • c. 1200 – English conscience is recorded.[8]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Joint knowledge; Complicity.[2][7]
  2. Awareness, consciousness.[2]
  3. Conscience, moral sense.[2]

Word family

  • subcōnscientia

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  7. ^ a b Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
  8. ^ a b Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com