Etymologically
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coniunctus

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [kɔnˈjuːŋk.tʊs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [konˈjuŋk.tus][1]

Forms

coniūnctus (feminine coniūncta, neuter coniūnctum, comparative coniūnctior, superlative coniūnctissimus); first/second-declension participle[1] It is also spelled conjūnctus.[1]

Etymology

It is the past participle of coniungō (“to join together”) used as an adjective,[2][1][3] from con- and iungō (“to join”), which goes back to Proto-Indo-European *yewg- (“to join, yoke”).[1]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lucretius describes the earth as coniūncta, joined on all sides, and Cicero uses it often.[2][4]

Semantic evolution

Coniūnctus is “adjoining, linked” in space (Caesar: a camp joined to the town wall), “connected” in time (“contemporary”: Cicero, of an orator close to his own age), and of speech and reasoning “connected, continuous” and “complex”, as opposed to simple.[2] Of people it is “closely bound” by friendship, kinship or obligation, and of things “closely related” (Cicero: everything connected with virtue deserves praise).[2][1]

Timeline

  • 96–55 BC – Lucretius of the earth as coniūncta.[2][4]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero of things coniūncta cum virtūte.[2][4]
  • 116–27 BC – Varro of slaves more attached to the farm.[2][4]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Joined, adjoining, contiguous.[2]
  2. Contemporary; continuous.[2]
  3. (of discourse) Connected; complex.[2]
  4. Closely bound (by friendship or kinship), intimate.[2][1]
  5. Closely related, connected.[2]

Usage notes

A rare noun coniūnctus, genitive -ūs, “a joining”, is found in Varro, who says that the quadrīgae (four-horse chariots) were named ā coniūnctū.[2][5][3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften