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coactus

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coactus1 forced, compressed

Pronunciation

  • Classical: [koˈaːk.tʊs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [koˈak.tus][1]

Forms

coāctus (feminine coācta, neuter coāctum); first/second-declension adjective[2][1]

Etymology

The adjective “forced, compressed” is from Latin cōgō (“to drive together; to compel”), its past participle.[2][1] De Vaan explains that verb as a compound of co- and agō (“to drive”), with the perfect ⟨coēgī⟩ and the participle ⟨coāctum⟩; the simple verb goes back to Proto-Italic *ag-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵ-e/o- (“to drive, lead”).[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Used as an adjective, it appears in Cicero's De divinatione, which says that magistrates use “forced” auspices.[2][4]

Semantic evolution

Beside its use as the participle of cōgō, the OLD lists adjective senses.[2] It means pressed together, condensed: Celsus uses it in medicine, Seneca of fire condensed in lightning, and Ovid of curdled milk.[2] The neuter plural coācta was a noun for felt: Caesar writes of coverings made of felt or of patchwork.[2]

It also means unnatural, artificial or contrived: besides Cicero's forced auspices, Virgil has forced tears and Pliny the Elder dwarf plane trees of forced shortness.[2] Of people and actions it means unwilling or compelled, as Ovid uses it of arms taken up unwillingly, and in Lucan it is what the law requires.[2]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero writes of forced auspices.[2][4]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar uses coācta for felt.[2][4]
  • 70–19 BC – Virgil writes of forced tears.[2][4]
  • 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of curdled milk and of unwilling arms.[2][4]

Meanings

Adjective

  1. Pressed together, condensed; of milk, curdled.[2]
  2. (neuter plural as noun) coācta: felt, felt cloth.[2]
  3. Unnatural, artificial, forced, contrived.[2]
  4. Unwilling, compelled; required by law, compulsory.[2]

coactus2 compulsion

Pronunciation

  • Classical: [koˈaːk.tʊs], [koˈaːk.tuːs][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [koˈak.tus], [koˈak.tus][1]

Forms

coāctus m (genitive coāctūs); fourth declension[1]

Etymology

The noun “compulsion” is from Latin cōgō (“to compel”) + -tus, a noun of action.[2][1] De Vaan traces that verb to co- and agō (“to drive”).[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Cicero,[4] who uses it in the Verrines of something done under another's compulsion.[5][6]

Semantic evolution

It is a rare word, found only in the ablative singular coāctū:[6] Cicero has coāctū atque efflāgitātū meō, at my urging and demand,[6][5] Lucretius writes of the great compulsion of another, and Caesar of compulsion by the community.[6][5]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it in the Verrines.[5][6][4]
  • 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of a force from outside.[6][5][4]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar writes of compulsion by the community.[6][4]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Compulsion, constraint (only in the ablative coāctū).[2][6]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ a b c d e Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press