claviger
The OLD distinguishes two adjectives spelled clāviger, one formed from clāva “club” and one from clāvis “key”.[1][2]
claviger1 club-bearing
Pronunciation
Forms
clāviger (feminine clāvigera, neuter clāvigerum); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er)[3]
Etymology
The club-bearing adjective is from Latin clāva (“club, cudgel”) + -ger (“bearing”).[1][3][2] The second part is from gerō (“to carry”).[3]
Earliest recorded meaning
Ovid uses it, most often as an epithet of Hercules.[1][4][5]
Semantic evolution
In the Metamorphoses Ovid calls Hercules simply clāviger, “the club-bearer”, and has clāvigera prōlēs of the robber Periphetes, a son of Vulcan.[4][2] Silius Italicus speaks of the altars of the club-bearing god, Hercules of Gades.[2][4] In medieval Latin it was a mace-bearer,[6] and in British sources an officer of a manor or town who carried a mace.[7]
Timeline
- 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of Hercules and of Periphetes.[4][5]
- 25–101 AD – Silius Italicus uses it of Hercules of Gades.[2][5]
- 1286 – An English manor account pays a mace-bearer.[7]
Meanings
Adjective
Noun
claviger2 key-bearing
Pronunciation
Forms
clāviger m (genitive clāvigerī); second declension[3] The OLD treats it as an adjective, clāviger, -era, -erum.[1]
Etymology
The key-bearing adjective is from Latin clāvis (“key”) + -ger (“bearing”).[1][3][2] De Vaan traces clāvis to Proto-Indo-European *kleh2u- (“to close”).[8]
Earliest recorded meaning
Ovid, in the Fasti, addresses Janus, the god of doors, as the key-bearing god.[2][4][5]
Semantic evolution
Macrobius also explains it as an epithet of Janus.[4] Christian writers made it an epithet of Saint Peter, the bearer of the keys of heaven,[2][6] and it was used of bishops as keepers of the keys of the kingdom of heaven.[9] In medieval Latin it was also a doorkeeper or warden,[9] a steward or treasurer,[6][9] and an adjective for the papal soldiers who bore a key on their dress.[9]
Timeline
- 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of Janus.[2][5]
- first half of the 5th century AD – Macrobius explains it as an epithet of Janus.[4][5]
- 639–642 – Jonas of Bobbio uses it of a doorkeeper.[9][5]
Meanings
Adjective
Noun
- The key-bearer, an epithet of Janus.[4]
- (Ecclesiastical Latin) The key-bearer, an epithet of Saint Peter.[2][6]
- (Medieval Latin) A doorkeeper, warden; a steward, treasurer.[9][6]
Related words
References
- ^ a b c d e f g Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ^ a b c d e f g Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
- ^ a b c d e f Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
- ^ a b c Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press
- ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ a b c d e f Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert (1967–), Munich: C. H. Beck; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften