Etymologically
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castellum

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [kasˈtɛl.lũː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [kasˈtɛl.lum][1]

Forms

castellum n (genitive castellī); second declension[1]

Etymology

It is a diminutive of castrum “fort, camp” with the suffix -lum.[2][1][3][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lewis and Short's first citation is Sisenna, quoted by Nonius, and the OLD's first citations are from Cicero.[3][2] Köbler dates Cicero 81–43 BC.[5]

Semantic evolution

It meant a fortified settlement, a fort, citadel, as Caesar's building of redoubts, an outpost guarding a town, and figuratively a refuge or stronghold, as in Cicero.[2][6][3] In Vitruvius it meant a distribution tank on an aqueduct, or a cistern.[2]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant a town, walled town, village.[7] In Medieval Latin it meant a castle, a fortification round an abbey, a walled town, and a hamlet or homestead.[8][9] It survives in French château and Old French chastel.[1][4] Late Old English borrowed it as castel “village”, whence English castle, and English chateau came from French about 1739.[4]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of forts and of a refuge.[2][5]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of redoubts.[6][5]
  • c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius uses it of an aqueduct tank.[2][5]
  • c. 1739 – English chateau is recorded.[4]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A fort, citadel, stronghold; an outpost.[2]
  2. (figurative) A refuge.[2]
  3. A water tank (of an aqueduct).[2]
  4. (Medieval Latin) A castle; a walled town; a village.[8][9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  4. ^ a b c d Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  5. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  6. ^ a b Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  8. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  9. ^ a b Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press