Etymologically
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baro

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baro1 blockhead

Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈbaː.roː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈbaː.ro][1]

Forms

bārō m (genitive bārōnis); third declension[1]

Etymology

The blockhead is borrowed from Etruscan *paru according to Köbler,[2] and the OLD too labels it Etruscan.[3] Wiktionary calls the origin unknown but probably a loan, and compares bardus (“stupid”),[1] an adjective with which Lewis and Short also connect it.[4] Georges records the spellings ⟨varo⟩ and ⟨varro⟩ beside it.[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

Lucilius is the first to use it, pairing barōnēs with rūsticī, louts with country bumpkins.[5][2]

Semantic evolution

Lewis and Short count it four times in Cicero and find it rare elsewhere.[4] In De finibus Cicero writes nōs barōnēs stupēmus, “we blockheads are dumbfounded”, while the other speaker laughs to himself.[4][5] Persius and Petronius use it as well,[4] and Festus glosses the form vāro.[5]

Timeline

  • c. 180–102 BC – Lucilius pairs louts with rustics.[5][2]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it four times, in his philosophical works and letters.[4][2]
  • 34–62 AD – Persius uses it.[4][2]
  • before 66 AD – Petronius uses it.[4][2]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A blockhead, lout, simpleton.[3][4]

baro2 man; baron

Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈba.roː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈbaː.ro][1]

Forms

barō m (genitive barōnis); third declension[1]

Etymology

The word for a man, later a baron, is borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *barō,[1] and Niermeyer, Köbler and the MLW also give it a Germanic origin, Köbler from *baraz (“man”);[6][2][7] a Celtic origin has also been proposed.[1] Isidore of Seville took ⟨barones⟩ for a Greek name given to hired men because they were strong in labour, since ⟨barus⟩ meant heavy and so strong.[8]

Earliest recorded meaning

It appears in the Frankish law codes: the Lex Salica deals with anyone who bars a freeborn man from his road, calling that man a barō.[7][2]

Semantic evolution

In the oldest uses it simply means a man, as in the Lex Ribuaria, which speaks of taking a king's man or woman from the king's protection.[7][6] Glossaries render it with ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”) and with mercennārius, a hired man,[9] and Isidore uses it of mercenaries.[8][5] Niermeyer lists the senses serf and freeman beside it.[6]

In feudal use it became a vassal, especially one of the higher nobility, and a baron;[6][7] in the plural barōnēs were the great men of a kingdom or country, or the leading citizens of a town.[6] It could also mean a lord or a famous man.[6][7]

Timeline

  • 6th century – The Lex Salica uses it of a freeborn man.[7][2]
  • c. 560–636 AD – Isidore of Seville applies barōnēs to mercenaries.[8][2]
  • Middle Ages – It comes to mean a vassal and a baron, and in the plural the great men of a realm.[6][7]

Meanings

Noun

  1. (Late Latin) A man.[6][7]
  2. (Late Latin) A mercenary.[5][8]
  3. (Medieval Latin) A serf; a freeman.[6]
  4. (Medieval Latin) A vassal, especially one of the higher nobility; a baron.[6][7][10]
  5. (Medieval Latin, plural) The great men of a realm or country; the leading citizens of a town.[6]
  6. (Medieval Latin) A lord; a famous man.[6][7]

Word family

  • combarō

Usage notes

The MLW has a doubtful second medieval barō meaning slave,[7] and the DMLBS records a barō “slave” in Aldhelm, which it tentatively connects with the classical word for a lout.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  3. ^ a b Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918), Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 8th ed., ed. Heinrich Georges, Hannover; Leipzig: Hahn
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch bis zum ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert (1967–), Munich: C. H. Beck; Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  8. ^ a b c d Isidore of Seville, Etymologiarum sive Originum libri XX, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911).
  9. ^ Goetz, Georg (1888–1923), Corpus glossariorum Latinorum, Leipzig: Teubner; vols. VI–VII Thesaurus glossarum emendatarum, digital ed. CGLO, Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  10. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  11. ^ Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press