Etymologically
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India

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈɪn.di.a][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈin.di.a][1]

Forms

India f sg (genitive Indiae); first declension[1]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek Ἰνδία (Indía), from Ἰνδός (Indós, “the Indus river”),[1][2] which goes back through Old Persian and Proto-Iranian *hínduš to Proto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš (“river”), of uncertain origin.[1] Sanskrit सिन्धु (síndhu, “river”) has the same source.[1][2]

Isidore of Seville explains that India is named after the river Indus, which bounds it on the west.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

Cicero, in the Tusculan Disputations, asks what barbarous land is vaster or wilder than India.[4][2]

Semantic evolution

For the Romans it was an ill-defined region of Asia reaching from the Indian subcontinent to the borders of China, and in popular use it was confused with Ethiopia, Arabia and southern Egypt.[4] Mela describes it as bounded by the Taurus range and, on the west, by the Indus,[4] and Pliny the Elder distinguishes India on this side of the Ganges from India beyond it.[5]

Isidore lists its many peoples and towns and the island of Taprobane.[3] In New Latin the name is also used of the modern country.[1] Old English took the name from Latin.[6]

Timeline

  • 81–43 BC – Cicero names India as a vast and wild land.[4][2]
  • 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus mentions India.[4][2]
  • c. 84–c. 25 BC – Vitruvius mentions India.[4][2]
  • 43/44 AD – Mela describes its boundaries.[4][2]
  • 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder distinguishes India this side of and beyond the Ganges.[5][2]
  • c. 560–636 – Isidore derives the name from the river Indus.[3][2]

Meanings

Proper noun

  1. India, an ill-defined region of Asia reaching from the Indian subcontinent to the borders of China; in popular use confused with Ethiopia and Arabia.[4][5]
  2. India citerior and India ulterior: India on this side of and beyond the Ganges.[5]
  3. (New Latin) The modern country of India.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  3. ^ a b c Isidore of Seville, Etymologiarum sive Originum libri XX, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911).
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  5. ^ a b c d Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com