Etymologically
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fila

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Pronunciation

Forms

fila f (plural file)[1]

Etymology

It is derived from filo (“thread”), probably through its old collective plural, le fila, taken as a feminine singular.[2][3][4][5] Nocentini and Wiktionary trace it to Latin fīla, plural of fīlum (“thread”).[3][1] A line of people or things was seen as a thread: Medieval Latin had funiculus populi (“a cord of people”), and in Rome in the 8th to 10th centuries a row of salt-pans was a filum salinarum.[6]

A parallel formation is French file, from which Spanish fila was borrowed, and Occitan fila;[3][1] Wiktionary compares Portuguese fila.[3][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELI's first record is a 14th-century Italian translation of Livy, in the sense “people or things placed one after another”;[2][7] GRADIT dates it to the first half of the 14th century.[2][7]

Semantic evolution

The sense “an unbroken series of actions or events” is dated by DELI to Sforza Pallavicino in 1665.[2] The old plural le fila survives in serrare le fila “to close ranks”, beside the regular plural file.[8][9] From the military column came fuoco di fila, a rapid series of shots and, figuratively, a barrage of questions, and the plural le file for the ranks of a party or movement.[7][4][9]

In fila indiana “in single file” takes its name from the way Native Americans moved forward;[2] DELI suggests tracing how adventure novels and travel books made the phrase known.[2] In theatres fila is a row of seats, and in chess a rank of the board.[7][8] Fare la fila, to wait one's turn in a queue, is one of the commonest uses today.[7][4]

Timeline

  • 14th century – A translation of Livy has fila.[2][7]
  • Early 14th century – The derivative filare “row of plants” is recorded.[3][2]
  • 1630 – The verb filare “to move in a line” is used by Davila.[2]
  • 1665 – Sforza Pallavicino uses fila for a series of events.[2]
  • 1717 – Filetto, a board game of placing pieces in a row, is recorded.[2]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A row or line of people or things one after another or side by side: una fila di pini lungo il viale.[7][4][5][1]
  2. A queue: C'era una lunga fila davanti allo sportello.[7][4][1]
  3. A row of seats in a theatre or cinema: Abbiamo i posti in terza fila.[8][10]
  4. An unbroken series: una fila di contrattempi.[7][4][5]
  5. (in the plural) The members of a party, movement or group: È passato nelle file dell'opposizione.[7][5][9]
  6. (chess) A rank of eight squares across the board.[7][8][10]

Word family

  • filare
  • filetto
  • filotto
  • sfilare
  • sfilata

Usage notes

Di fila means “in a row, without a break” (tre giorni di fila), and in fila indiana “in single file”.[7][8][9] Violino di fila is an orchestral violinist without solo parts.[4][9] In the sense “row”, Battaglia's dictionary (GDLI) quotes the grammarian Ugolini that only file is correct as the plural;[11][8] le fila belongs to fixed phrases.[11][8]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
  3. ^ a b c d e Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Devoto, Giacomo; Oli, Gian Carlo; Serianni, Luca; Trifone, Maurizio (2026), Nuovo Devoto–Oli: il vocabolario dell'italiano contemporaneo, digital ed., Milano: Le Monnier
  5. ^ a b c d Sabatini, Francesco; Coletti, Vittorio; Manfredini, Manuela (2026), Dizionario italiano Sabatini Coletti, digital ed., Milano: Sansoni / Rizzoli Larousse
  6. ^ Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957), Dizionario etimologico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze: Barbèra (reprint 1975), p. 1637
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l De Mauro, Tullio (ed.) (2003), Grande dizionario italiano dell'uso, CD-ROM version 2.0, Torino: UTET
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Zingarelli, Nicola (2009), Lo Zingarelli 2010: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Bologna: Zanichelli
  9. ^ a b c d e Vocabolario della lingua italiana Treccani (2011), Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
  10. ^ a b Gabrielli, Aldo (2020), Grande dizionario italiano, digital ed., Milano: Hoepli
  11. ^ a b Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca, p. 5, 979