Etymologically

Etymology and origin of the Italian word cui

Confidence
Established
Formation
Inherited
First attested
late 12th or early 13th century, Ritmo laurenziano
Inherited from
Latin cui
Ultimate origin
Latin quī

Pronunciation

Forms

cui (invariable)[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Latin cui (“to whom, to which”), the dative of the relative pronoun Latin quī (“who, which”).[2][3][4][1] Devoto gives the older Latin form quoi.[5] In Italian the dative spread to all the cases other than the nominative and accusative, and it serves as the oblique form of che.[5][3] Sicilian cu, also found in Calabrian, has become an interrogative “who”, even in the nominative.[6][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

DELI's first record is the Ritmo laurenziano, from the end of the 12th or the beginning of the 13th century, as a relative used with prepositions.[2] GRADIT, Nocentini and Zingarelli date it before 1250.[4][3][7]

Semantic evolution

Old Italian used cui also without a preposition, for the dative and the genitive, and as a direct object: Dante writes “O tu, cui colpa non condanna” and “E 'l ciel cui tanti lumi fanno bello”.[4][8][9] It could also be an interrogative, as in Minos's warning “guarda com'entri e di cui tu ti fide” (look how you enter and whom you trust, Inferno 5).[4][10][7] Petrarch's “Voi cui fortuna ha posto in mano il freno” shows the dative without a, which remains literary.[10][11]

Modern Italian keeps cui after prepositions, and between article and noun with the sense “whose”.[4][8] The conjunction per cui “so, therefore” is colloquial, and Zingarelli advises against it.[7][10]

Timeline

  • Late 12th or early 13th century – First record, in the Ritmo laurenziano.[2]
  • Before 1250 – GRADIT's date.[4]
  • 1306–1321 – Dante uses cui as an object and as an interrogative.[4][7]

Meanings

Pronoun

  1. whom, which, after a preposition, in place of il quale, la quale and their plurals: la città in cui sono nato, l'amica con cui parlavo.[4][9][8]
  2. (literary) To whom, without a: il maestro cui devo tutto.[4][7][10]
  3. whose, between the article and the noun: uno scrittore i cui romanzi ho letto tutti.[4][9][7]
  4. per cui: so, therefore: era tardi, per cui sono tornato a casa.[9][7][10]
  5. (literary) As a direct object, “whom”.[4][8][12]
  6. (archaic) As an interrogative, “whom”, in place of chi.[4][7]

Usage notes

Cui does not change for gender or number.[13][12] The phrases nella misura in cui (to the extent that) and ragion per cui (which is why) are common.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
  3. ^ a b c Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m De Mauro, Tullio (ed.) (2003), Grande dizionario italiano dell'uso, CD-ROM version 2.0, Torino: UTET
  5. ^ a b Devoto, Giacomo (1968), Avviamento alla etimologia italiana: dizionario etimologico, 2nd ed., Firenze: Le Monnier, p. 126
  6. ^ Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957), Dizionario etimologico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze: Barbèra (reprint 1975), p. 1186
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Zingarelli, Nicola (2009), Lo Zingarelli 2010: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Bologna: Zanichelli
  8. ^ a b c d Sabatini, Francesco; Coletti, Vittorio; Manfredini, Manuela (2026), Dizionario italiano Sabatini Coletti, digital ed., Milano: Sansoni / Rizzoli Larousse
  9. ^ a b c d Devoto, Giacomo; Oli, Gian Carlo; Serianni, Luca; Trifone, Maurizio (2026), Nuovo Devoto–Oli: il vocabolario dell'italiano contemporaneo, digital ed., Milano: Le Monnier
  10. ^ a b c d e Vocabolario della lingua italiana Treccani (2011), Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
  11. ^ Tommaseo, Niccolò; Bellini, Bernardo (1861–1879), Dizionario della lingua italiana, 4 vols., Torino: UTET
  12. ^ a b Gabrielli, Aldo (2020), Grande dizionario italiano, digital ed., Milano: Hoepli
  13. ^ Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca

Related etymologies

  • no · also from Latin
  • cosa · also from Latin
  • a · also from Latin
  • mio · also from Latin
  • uno · also from Latin
  • si · also from Latin
  • sapere · also from Latin
  • fare · also from Latin
Cite this entry

“Cui.” Etymologically, 21 Oct. 2026, etymologically.com/it/cui. Accessed 22 Oct. 2026.

Last edited on . ·