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banca

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DELI and Nocentini number two nouns banca: an old word for a bench, taken from Germanic, and the word for a bank, an Italian derivative of banco.[1][2] GRADIT gives them in the opposite order.[3]

banca1 bench

Pronunciation

Forms

banca f (plural banche)[4]

Etymology

The bench is a Germanic loanword.[1][3][5] It is borrowed from Lombardic *banka (“bench”) for Devoto–Oli, Gabrielli and Prati, while DELI and Sabatini–Coletti speak of a Germanic collective of *bank.[6][7][8][1][9] Wiktionary traces the Germanic word to Proto-Germanic *bankiz.[4] DEI notes that the masculine form already existed in Germanic, and that the derivative bancale suggests the word entered spoken Latin.[5] It is cognate with Old High German banch and English bench.[10]

The same Germanic word came into Italian by several routes: panca from Lombardic, and banco, which DELI and Nocentini take from Frankish.[2][1]

Earliest recorded meaning

The TLIO's first record is in the Libro of Uguccione da Lodi, written in the Cremona area at the start of the 13th century.[11][2] Its Old Italian senses were a table outside a shop for displaying goods, the table at which judges sat, and a bench for sitting or lying on.[11]

Semantic evolution

Francesco da Barberino, before 1348, tells of someone who often slept per casa su per le banche (“about the house on the benches”).[12][1] The word is recorded for a shop counter in Ferrara in 1385 and for a table in the 15th century.[1] In many medieval Italian cities la banca was the supreme magistracy, which sat on a wooden bench, and then the court; it was also the table where soldiers were enrolled, and the register of their names.[13][9] Tommaseo notes that in Siena banca was the bench that Florentines called panca.[14]

Today the word is obsolete or regional except in hydraulic engineering, for a stepped embankment that strengthens a river bank.[3][9][12] Its diminutive bancarella, a street stall, spread from southern Italy;[1] Matilde Serao used it in 1889.[1]

Timeline

  • Early 13th century – Uguccione da Lodi uses banca.[11]
  • Before 1348 – Francesco da Barberino uses it for a bench.[1]
  • 1385 – It is recorded for a shop counter in Ferrara.[1]
  • 1688 – The diminutive banchina is recorded.[1]
  • 1889 – Matilde Serao uses bancarelle.[1]

Meanings

Noun

  1. (obsolete or regional) A bench; a counter or table.[3][13]
  2. (historical) The supreme magistracy of some medieval Italian cities; a court.[3][9][13]
  3. (historical) The table where soldiers were enrolled, and the register of their names.[3][9]
  4. (hydraulics) A stepped embankment that reinforces the bank of a river.[3][9][7]

Word family

  • bancarella
  • bancarellista
  • banchina

banca2 bank

Pronunciation

Forms

banca f (plural banche)[4]

Etymology

The bank is an Italian derivative of banco, the long wooden table of a shop and especially of the money-changers and lenders.[1][2][3][9] DELI notes that the older word for the institution is the masculine form;[1] Panzini thought the feminine was taken back from French.[1] That noun is itself from Frankish *bank (“bench”), according to DELI and Nocentini.[1][2]

The sense “credit institution” arose in Italy at the time of its mercantile supremacy.[2][1] French banque, recorded in 1458, was taken from Italian and spread the word to other European languages, including bank.[2][15] German had Bank for the money-changer's table from 1289 and for the institution from 1399.[15]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record of banca as a credit institution is in Lorenzo Lippi's Malmantile, before 1665: qualsivoglia banca te lo crede (“any bank will give it to you on credit”).[1][16] GRADIT dates it before 1655.[3]

Semantic evolution

The derivatives are older than this use of the feminine noun, since they were formed on banco: banchiere is recorded as bankiere in 1211, bancarotta in 1546, and bancario before 1566 in Annibal Caro.[1][2] Bancarotta comes from banca rotta, after the custom of breaking the counter of a merchant who had failed.[2] In the 19th century the economist Gerolamo Boccardo still held that the proper Italian word was banco.[16]

The sense “building where a bank has its offices” is recorded in Tommaseo in 1865, and the sense of a store of organs or tissue for transplants in 1950, perhaps from English.[1] Banca d'affari renders English merchant bank, and banca dati is a database.[1][13]

Timeline

  • 1211 – Bankiere “banker” is recorded.[1]
  • 1458 – French banque is recorded.[15]
  • 1546 – Bancarotta is recorded.[2]
  • Before 1665 – Lorenzo Lippi uses banca for a credit institution.[1]
  • 1865 – The sense “bank building” is recorded.[1]
  • 1950 – The sense “organ bank” is recorded.[1]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A bank, a firm that takes deposits, lends money and offers financial services: Ho chiesto un prestito alla banca.[3][6][9]
  2. The building or branch where a bank has its offices: La banca apre alle otto e mezza.[3][9][7]
  3. A centre that collects and stores biological material for medical use: banca del sangue.[3][9][13]
  4. (computing) In banca dati, a database.[13][7]

Word family

  • bancario
  • banchiere
  • bancabile
  • bancarotta
  • banco
  • panca
  • bancale

Usage notes

Banca and banco were long interchangeable for a bank: the Banco di Napoli and the Banco di Sicilia keep the masculine.[1][16] In games of chance tenere il banco is to hold the bank, formerly tenere banca.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 27 Cortelazzo, Manlio; Zolli, Paolo (1999), Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana, 2nd ed. by Manlio Cortelazzo and Michele A. Cortelazzo, Bologna: Zanichelli
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Nocentini, Alberto; Parenti, Alessandro (2010), l'Etimologico: vocabolario della lingua italiana, Firenze: Le Monnier
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l De Mauro, Tullio (ed.) (2003), Grande dizionario italiano dell'uso, CD-ROM version 2.0, Torino: UTET
  4. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  5. ^ a b Battisti, Carlo; Alessio, Giovanni (1950–1957), Dizionario etimologico italiano, 5 vols., Firenze: Barbèra (reprint 1975), p. 422
  6. ^ a b Devoto, Giacomo; Oli, Gian Carlo; Serianni, Luca; Trifone, Maurizio (2026), Nuovo Devoto–Oli: il vocabolario dell'italiano contemporaneo, digital ed., Milano: Le Monnier
  7. ^ a b c d Gabrielli, Aldo (2020), Grande dizionario italiano, digital ed., Milano: Hoepli
  8. ^ Prati, Angelico (1951), Vocabolario etimologico italiano, Milano: Garzanti, p. 107
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Sabatini, Francesco; Coletti, Vittorio; Manfredini, Manuela (2026), Dizionario italiano Sabatini Coletti, digital ed., Milano: Sansoni / Rizzoli Larousse
  10. ^ Zaccaria, Enrico (1901), L'elemento germanico nella lingua italiana: lessico con appendice e prospetto cronologico, Bologna: Treves
  11. ^ a b c Tesoro della Lingua Italiana delle Origini (1997–), Opera del Vocabolario Italiano, CNR, Firenze; tlio.ovi.cnr.it
  12. ^ a b Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca, p. 2, 32
  13. ^ a b c d e f Vocabolario della lingua italiana Treccani (2011), Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
  14. ^ Tommaseo, Niccolò; Bellini, Bernardo (1861–1879), Dizionario della lingua italiana, 4 vols., Torino: UTET
  15. ^ a b c Stammerjohann, Harro, et al. (2008), Dizionario di italianismi in francese, inglese, tedesco, Firenze: Accademia della Crusca; online at difit.italianisticaonline.it
  16. ^ a b c Battaglia, Salvatore; Bàrberi Squarotti, Giorgio (1961–2002), Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, 21 vols., Torino: UTET; digital ed. Accademia della Crusca, p. 2, 33