*(s)teg-

Reconstruction

LIV and NIL set up *(s)teg- 'to cover', with s-mobile in Greek and in Lithuanian stógas (“roof”).^[1][2] Beekes uses the same form, glossed 'cover, roof'.^[3]

Morphology

LIV reconstructs a full-grade thematic present *(s)tég-e- (Ancient Greek στέγω (stégō), Latin tegō), a sigmatic aorist *(s)tḗg/(s)tég-s- in Greek and Latin, and an iterative *(s)tog-éi̯e- (Old Irish -tuigethar, Old Norse þekja (“to cover”)).^[1] Beekes calls the Greek verb a primary thematic present whose non-present forms are late and rare.^[3] Matasović instead takes the Old Irish verb as a denominative of Old Irish tuige (“cover, protection”).^[4]

Evidence

Greek, Italic, Celtic, Germanic, Baltic and Albanian are cited under Reflexes.^[1][5] Beekes, after Kuiper, separates Sanskrit स्थगति (sthagati, “to cover, conceal”), so Indo-Iranian has no reflex.^[3] NIL lists Hittite tagu- only with a question mark.^[2]

Competing analyses

Walde–Hofmann and Pokorny derived Latin tīgnum (“piece of timber”) from a separate root *(s)teg- 'stake'; de Vaan finds this unattractive and derives the word from *(s)teg- 'to cover', or else from *teḱ- 'to fashion'.^[6] Mallory and Adams list *(s)teg- 'pole, post' and suggest a shift from 'to cover' through 'to cover with poles' to 'poles'.^[7] LIV's Celtic *teg- 'to swear' is a different root, *teg-.^[8]

Meanings

1. to cover^[1][2]

Derivatives

• *(s)tég-es- 'roof, house': Ancient Greek τέγος (tégos), Old Irish tech (“house”).^[2][4]
• *(s)tog-o- 'roof': Proto-Germanic *þaka- (“roof”), Lithuanian stógas (“roof”).^[9]
• *(s)tog-h₂-: Latin toga (“formal outer garment”).^[10]
• *(s)teg-nó-: Ancient Greek στεγνός (stegnós, “covered, waterproof”).^[2][3]

Reflexes

• Greek: Ancient Greek στέγω (stégō, “to cover, defend, keep closed”).^[3]
• Italic: Latin tegō (“to cover”).^[10]
• Celtic: Proto-Celtic *tegos- (“house”), in Old Irish tech.^[4]
• Germanic: Proto-Germanic *þakjan- (“to cover, thatch”), Proto-Germanic *þaka- (“roof”).^[9]
• Baltic: Lithuanian stógas (“roof”).^[11][12]
• Albanian: Albanian tog (“heap, pile”), from a lengthened grade.^[5]

References

1. ^ a b c d Rix, Helmut, et al. (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. s.v. *[s]teg-
2. ^ a b c d e Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon, Heidelberg: Winter, p. s.v. *[s]teg-
3. ^ a b c d e Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. στέγω
4. ^ a b c Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, Leiden: Brill, p. 387
5. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (1998), Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden / Boston / Köln: Brill, p. s.v. tog
6. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. tīgnum
7. ^ Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford: OUP, p. 227
8. ^ Rix, Helmut, et al. (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Reichert, p. s.v. *teg-
9. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 531
10. ^ a b de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill, p. s.v. tegō
11. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015), Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon, Leiden: Brill, p. 443
12. ^ Hock, Wolfgang, et al. (2015), Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (ALEW), online and Hamburg: Baar, p. s.v. stógas