ad

Forms

ad^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Uralic *amta- (“to give”), one of the words Hungarian inherited from the Finno-Ugric period.^{[2][3][4][5][6]} Its cognates are Komi-Zyrian ud- (“to give to drink”), Udmurt ud- (“to give to drink”), Erzya ando- (“to feed”), Moksha ando- (“to feed”), Finnish antaa (“to give”) and Estonian andma (“to give”), and a Sami verb meaning “to sell”.^[4][3][6] Wiktionary reconstructs the Uralic form as *ëmta-.^[1] All the senses of the Hungarian word and of its cognates can be derived from a general sense “to give”.^[2]

Finno-Ugric /mt/ became Hungarian /d/, as in tud.^[4][3][5]

An older comparison with Mansi and Khanty words for “help”, still given by Bárczi, is rejected by TESz;^[7][2][6] MSzFE explains those words as derivatives of a noun meaning “pole of a fish weir”.^[7][2][6] MSzFE also rejects a Mari word said of an udder filling with milk, because the meanings are too far apart.^[6]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first certain record is in the Funeral Sermon and Prayer of about 1195: odutta vola neki paradisumut hazoa, “had given him paradise for a home”; the sense is “to give, bestow”.^[2][4][3] Personal names such as Odun (1086, in a later copy) and Adamas (1211) may contain the verb, but this is uncertain.^[4][2]

Semantic evolution

From “to give, bestow” came “to supply, provide” (after 1372), “to let, allow” (Vienna Codex) and “to sell” (Munich Codex); with a preverb, kiad meant “to publish” from 1554.^[4][2][3]

The old derivatives include adás “giving; gift” (after 1372, perhaps 1272), adakozik “to give alms” (after 1372), adat “giving” (about 1405, “datum, record” from 1831), adomány “gift” (Vienna Codex), adogat (1533), adalék “tradition” (1645, later “contribution”) and adódik “to arise, occur” (1702).^[2][4][5] The language reform made adag “portion” (1831) and adományoz “to donate” (1807), and the curse eb adta is recorded from 1636.^[2][4] odaadó “devoted” (1825) and odaadás “devotion” (1842) are loan translations of German hingebend and Hingabe.^[4][3] In the 20th century adás came to mean “broadcast” (1941); adogat “to serve (the ball)” is recorded from 1878.^[4]

Regional senses include “to sell”, “to send (a child) to a trade”, “to pay heed to” and “to give a beating”.^[8][9] Around Kassa ad with an infinitive meant “to have something done”.^[10]

Timeline

• c. 1195 – odutta vola “had given” in the Funeral Sermon and Prayer.^[2][4]
• c. 1405 – adath “giving” in the Schlägl word list.^[2][4]
• c. 1448 – “to supply, provide”, with adás and adakozik, in the Jókai Codex (a copy of a text written after 1372).^[2][4]
• c. 1450 – “to let, allow” and adomány “gift” in the Vienna Codex.^[2][4]
• 1466 – “to sell” in the Munich Codex.^[2][4]
• 1554 – kiad “to publish”, in Tinódi's Cronica.^[4][3]
• 1636 – the curse eb adta.^[2][4]
• 1702 – adódik “to arise”.^[2]
• 1825 – odaadó “devoted”, a loan translation from German.^[4][3]
• 1831 – adag “portion”.^[2]
• 1941 – adás “broadcast”.^[4]

Meanings

Verb

1. To give, hand (something to someone, with -nak/-nek): Adj egy tollat, kérlek!^[11][12][1]
2. To serve or set down (food or drink): Enni ad a kutyának.^[11][1]
3. To give as a gift, donate: Pénzt adott a kórháznak.^[11][12][1]
4. To provide, make available; to lend.^[11][12]
5. To give in exchange; to sell (at a price): Mennyiért adja?^[11][8]
6. To send or place a person somewhere: iskolába ad, férjhez ad “to give (a daughter) in marriage”.^[12][8]
7. Of a thing, to yield, produce: A tehén sok tejet ad.^[12][13]
8. To cause, bring about: gondot ad “to cause trouble”.^[12][9]
9. To hold (a party); to perform (a play), show or broadcast (a programme).^[1]
10. To attach importance to (with -ra/-re): Nem ad a véleményére.^[12][8]
11. (slang) To be great, rock; to like, dig.^[1]

Word family

• adag
• adakozik
• adalék
• adat
• adás
• adogat
• adoma
• adomány
• adó
• adódik
• átad
• bead
• elad
• kiad
• odaadó
• adományoz

Usage notes

The long form ád is used only in the bare third person singular, never in inflected forms, and is now regional or folksy.^[14][11][2]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1967–1976), A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 95
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1993–1997), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Ungarischen, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Gerstner, Károly (ed.) (2006–), Új magyar etimológiai szótár, Budapest: Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont; online at uesz.nytud.hu
5. ^ a b c Zaicz, Gábor (ed.) (2006), Etimológiai szótár: magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete, Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó
6. ^ a b c d e Lakó, György (ed.) (1967–1978), A magyar szókészlet finnugor elemei, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 69
7. ^ a b Bárczi, Géza (1941), Magyar szófejtő szótár, Budapest: Királyi Magyar Egyetemi Nyomda, p. 14
8. ^ a b c d Bálint, Sándor (1957), Szegedi szótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 46
9. ^ a b Csűry, Bálint (1935–1936), Szamosháti szótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság, p. 1, 23
10. ^ Szinnyei, József (1893–1901), Magyar tájszótár, 2 vols., Budapest: Hornyánszky, p. 1, 6
11. ^ a b c d e f Bárczi, Géza; Országh, László (eds.) (1959–1962), A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára, 7 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; online at ertelmezo.oszk.hu
12. ^ a b c d e f g Ittzés, Nóra (ed.) (2006–), A magyar nyelv nagyszótára, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó / Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont; online at nagyszotar.nytud.hu
13. ^ B. Lőrinczy, Éva (ed.) (1979–2010), Új magyar tájszótár, 5 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 153
14. ^ Czuczor, Gergely; Fogarasi, János (1862–1874), A magyar nyelv szótára, 6 vols., Pest: Emich Gusztáv / Athenaeum