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áll

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áll1 stand

Pronunciation

Forms

áll[1]

Etymology

The verb “to stand” is inherited from Proto-Uralic *salkɜ- (“to stand”), a word Hungarian inherited from the Finno-Ugric period.[2][3][4][5][1] Its cognates are Komi-Zyrian sulal- and Udmurt si̮l- (“to stand; to be valid, to cost”) in the Permic languages, and a Mari verb “to stand”.[3][2]

Finno-Ugric initial /s/ was lost in Hungarian, as in ín and olvaszt.[3][4] The long ⟨ll⟩ comes from an assimilation of ⟨lk⟩, probably through ⟨lγ⟩;[3][2] TESz also allows a later lengthening between vowels.[3][2]

Most of its many senses grew in Hungarian out of the first three, “to be in a position”, “to stand still” and “to tower”; the sense “to cost” was probably modelled on Latin cōnstō (“to stand firm; to cost”).[2][3] The causative állít “to set up” replaced the older ⟨állat⟩; its sense “to assert” came from a blend with the old verb alít “to think”.[2][3] TESz rejects other Finno-Ugric comparisons and a Turkic origin.[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

ÚESz puts the first record in the Königsberg Fragment of the early 13th century, the causative allata “set, placed”.[3] The verb itself appears first in place names in Latin charters: Zwestalasa in a charter of 1260 known from a copy of 1402, and Kukenusallo in one of 1261 copied in 1394.[2][3][6] In the Jókai Codex (copied about 1448 from a text written after 1372) it is aluala “he was staying” in a wood.[2][3]

Semantic evolution

TESz and ÚESz date eleven senses.[2][3] To “be in a position, stay somewhere” (1260) and “stand still” (1261) come first, then “to tower” (1358), “to exist” (about 1395, in the Besztercei word list), “to be valid” of a word and “to endure, bear” (both in the Munich Codex, 1466), and “to get into a state” (about 1456).[2][3] The 16th century adds “to depend on” and “to consist of” (both 1527), “to last” (1533) and “to cost” (1568 in TESz, 1559 in ÚESz).[2][3]

Similar developments are known in other languages, such as German stehen and Latin stō (“to stand”).[2] The derivatives állás “standing; position” (1260 in a place name), állhatatos “steadfast” (Jókai Codex) and álldogál (1592) are old;[2][4][3] állomány and állvány are language-reform words.[2][4][3]

Timeline

  • early 1200s – allata “placed”, the causative, in the Königsberg Fragment.[3]
  • 1260 – Zwestalasa, a place name (copy of 1402).[2][3]
  • 1261 – Kukenusallo, a place name (copy of 1394).[2][6]
  • 1358 – “to tower, rise up”.[2][3]
  • c. 1448 – aluala in the Jókai Codex (text written after 1372); also alhatatos “steadfast”.[2][3]
  • 1466 – “to be valid” and “to endure” in the Munich Codex.[2]
  • 1527 – “to depend on”, “to consist of” in the Érdy Codex.[2][3]
  • 1559 – “to cost”.[3]
  • 1592 – álldogál “to stand about”.[2][4]
  • 1636 – állít “to set up”.[4]
  • 1792 – állvány “scaffold, stand”.[4]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To stand: to be upright on one's feet without moving: A buszon állni kellett.[7][8][1]
  2. To stand up, take a standing position; to step somewhere: sorba áll.[8][1]
  3. Of a plant, building or object: to stand, rise, tower: A templom a domb tetején áll.[7]
  4. To stand still, not move or work: Áll az óra.[2][1]
  5. To be in a state or situation: jól áll az ügy.[8]
  6. To consist of, be made up of (with -ból/-ből): A csapat öt emberből áll.[3][1]
  7. To depend on (with -n/-on): Ez rajtad áll.[3]
  8. (transitive) To bear, endure: nem állja a hideget.[2][3]

Word family

  • állam
  • állandó
  • állat
  • állás
  • álldogál
  • állhatatlan
  • állhatatos
  • állít
  • állomány
  • állomás
  • állvány
  • állapot
  • állapít

áll2 chin

Pronunciation

Forms

áll (plural állak)[1]

Etymology

The chin is a word of the Finno-Ugric period, but which cognates belong to it is disputed.[9][3][4] One view, followed by Wiktionary, makes it inherited from Proto-Uralic *olɜ (“jaw, chin”), with Mansi oľć (“jaw”), Erzya ulo (“chin”), Moksha ula (“chin”) and Northern Sami oalol (“lower jaw”); a Khanty uləś is probably a loan from Mansi.[3][9][10][1] On this view the ⟨ll⟩ of Hungarian is a later lengthening between vowels.[3][9]

The other compares Khanty ŏŋəl (“jaw”), Udmurt aŋles (“cheekbone, jaw”) and Eastern Mari oŋlaš (“lower jaw, chin”), from a reconstructed Proto-Uralic *oŋlɜ.[3][10][11] The long vowel ⟨á⟩ would then come from the nasal merging with the vowel before it, and ⟨ll⟩ from the assimilation of ⟨ŋl⟩;[9][3] TESz notes against this that forms with ⟨ll⟩ are late and rare in Old Hungarian.[9][3] TESz finds the Uralic links proposed with the second view unlikely, and a Turkic origin wrong.[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The first record is in the Schlägl glossary of about 1405, al glossing Latin mentum “chin”.[9][3][11] The Döbrentei Codex has alokot in 1508, and Pesti Gábor's word list of 1538 the spelling all.[11][9]

Semantic evolution

Beside the chin itself the word means the lower jaw, and in fishermen's speech the barb of a hook.[7][8] It forms set phrases of intensity: állig felfegyverkezve “armed to the teeth” (literally “to the chin”).[7] The derivative állazó, a strap of the bridle under a horse's chin, appears in 1538; its form may have been influenced by the old ajazó “bit”.[9][3]

Timeline

  • c. 1405 – al “chin” in the Schlägl glossary.[9][3]
  • 1483 – Telalw, perhaps “half-chinned”, in a personal name.[6]
  • 1508 – alokot in the Döbrentei Codex.[11]
  • 1538 – all and the derivative állazó “chin strap” in Pesti's word list.[9][3]

Meanings

Noun

  1. chin: the rounded part of the face below the mouth: Az állára támaszkodott.[7][8][1]
  2. The lower jaw.[7][8]
  3. (dialectal, fishing) The barb of a hook.[7]

Word family

  • állkapocs
  • állazó
  • alít

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1967–1976), A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 135
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Gerstner, Károly (ed.) (2006–), Új magyar etimológiai szótár, Budapest: Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont; online at uesz.nytud.hu
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Zaicz, Gábor (ed.) (2006), Etimológiai szótár: magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete, Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó
  5. ^ Lakó, György (ed.) (1967–1978), A magyar szókészlet finnugor elemei, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 84
  6. ^ a b c Szamota, István; Zolnai, Gyula (1902–1906), Magyar oklevél-szótár, Budapest: Hornyánszky, p. 17
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Bárczi, Géza; Országh, László (eds.) (1959–1962), A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára, 7 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó; online at ertelmezo.oszk.hu
  8. ^ a b c d e f Ittzés, Nóra (ed.) (2006–), A magyar nyelv nagyszótára, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó / Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont; online at nagyszotar.nytud.hu
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Benkő, Loránd (ed.) (1967–1976), A magyar nyelv történeti-etimológiai szótára, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 136
  10. ^ a b Rédei, Károly (ed.) (1986–1991), Uralisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó / Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz; online as Uralonet, uralonet.nytud.hu
  11. ^ a b c d Lakó, György (ed.) (1967–1978), A magyar szókészlet finnugor elemei, 3 vols., Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, p. 1, 82