Etymologically
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ἤλεκτρον

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /ɛ̌ː.lek.tron/[1]
  • IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈi.lek.tron/[1]
  • IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈi.lek.tron/[1]

Forms

ἤλεκτρον (ḗlektron) n (genitive ἠλέκτρου); second declension[1]

Etymology

It belongs with ἠλέκτωρ (ēléktōr), a name of the sun and an epithet of Hyperion in Homer, but the word has no etymology.[2][3][1] Wilamowitz assumed a Carian origin without sufficient grounds, and Indo-European proposals are improbable.[2][3] Beekes rejects the derivation from ἀλέγω (alégō) by Leroy and Halleux and asks whether it is Pre-Greek.[2][3] Wiktionary mentions doubtful links with Sanskrit उल्का (ulkā́, “meteor”), Latin Vulcānus and ἥλιος (hḗlios, “sun”).[1] A Semitic explanation as “attracting straw” is rejected by Rosół.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Homer uses it in the Odyssey: a necklace “strung with pieces of amber” (15.460), and in describing a palace (4.73).[5][6]

Semantic evolution

Homer, Hesiod and Plato leave its gender unclear;[5] Herodotus and Theophrastus treat it as neuter, and the masculine and feminine ἤλεκτρος (ḗlektros) also occur.[5] It had two meanings: amber (the Odyssey, Hesiod, Herodotus, Plato) and an alloy of gold and silver, electrum, the pale gold of the first Lydian coins (Sophocles).[7][5][2] Aristophanes may use it for the tuning-peg of a lyre.[7]

Its derivatives include ἠλεκτρώδης (ēlektrṓdēs) “like amber”, and the islands where amber was found were called the Ἠλεκτρίδες (Ēlektrídes).[2] Latin borrowed it as electrum.[8] English electro- was formed from it.[9][1]

Timeline

  • Homer – The Odyssey uses it for amber.[5][6]
  • Before the 6th century BC – Hesiod's Shield uses it.[6][10]
  • 5th century BC – Sophocles uses it for electrum;[7] Herodotus for amber.[7][5][10]
  • 4th–3rd century BC – Theophrastus treats it as neuter.[5][10]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Amber;[5] (plural) pieces of amber.[5][7]
  2. Electrum, an alloy of gold and silver.[5][7]
  3. Perhaps the tuning-peg of a lyre.[7]

Word family

  • ἠλεκτροφαής (ēlektrophaḗs)
  • ἠλέκτρινος (ēléktrinos)
  • ἠλεκτρώδης (ēlektrṓdēs)

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c Frisk, Hjalmar (1960–1972), Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3 vols, Heidelberg: Carl Winter
  4. ^ Rosół, Rafał (2013), Frühe semitische Lehnwörter im Griechischen, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart (1940), A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b c Keersmaekers, Alek (2021–2025), GLAUx: The Greek Language Automated corpus, https://github.com/alekkeersmaekers/glaux
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Diggle, James, et al., eds. (2021), The Cambridge Greek Lexicon, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  8. ^ Saalfeld, Günther Alexander (1874), Index Graecorum vocabulorum in linguam latinam translatorum, Berlin: Weidmann
  9. ^ Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  10. ^ a b c Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco, et al., eds. (1980–), Diccionario Griego-Español, Madrid: CSIC, http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge