Etymologically
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ἐράω

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Pronunciation

  • 5th-century BC Attic: /e.rá.ɔː/[1]
  • 4th-century AD Koine: /eˈra.o/[1]
  • 10th-century Byzantine: /eˈra.o/[1]

Forms

ἐρᾰ́ω (eráō) [1] Ionic ἐρέω (eréō); poetic present ἔραμαι (éramai), from which the other tenses come.[2][3]

Etymology

It is the Ionic-Attic present of ἔραμαι (éramai), and the active is used only in the present and imperfect.[3][2] The original stem was ἐρασ- (eras-), as shown by ἐραστής (erastḗs, “lover”), ἐραστός (erastós), ἐραννός (erannós, “lovely”) and ἐράσμιος (erásmios).[1][3]

Its origin is unknown.[4][3] Beekes finds no etymology and asks whether the word is Pre-Greek.[3] Uhlenbeck and others compare Sanskrit रमते (rámate, “to calm down; to enjoy”), Lithuanian rimti (“to calm down”) and Gothic 𐍂𐌹𐌼𐌹𐍃 (rimis, “tranquility”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rem- (“to rest”).[1] LIV lists a doubtful root Proto-Indo-European *h₁erh₂- (“to love”).[5]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Ionic present ἐρέω (eréō) is found in Archilochus, who uses it of desiring tyranny.[2] Homer has only the poetic form ἔραμαι (éramai).[2][6][7]

Semantic evolution

In Attic it is the usual verb for being in love, with the genitive of the person; it can also mean to love warmly without sexual reference, as when Plato distinguishes it from φιλέω (philéō).[2][6] With the genitive of a thing it means to desire passionately, as battle in Aeschylus, or the impossible.[2][6] The participles became nouns: ὁ ἐρῶν “the lover”, ἡ ἐρωμένη and ὁ ἐρώμενος “the beloved”.[2] Aristotle says that the final cause moves the world as a thing loved moves the lover.[2] The Septuagint has it three times, for loving.[8] Its derivatives include ἐραστής (erastḗs) and, through ἔραμαι (éramai), ἔρως (érōs).[3]

Timeline

  • 7th century BC – Archilochus uses the Ionic form for desiring tyranny.[2][9]
  • 6th–5th century BC – Aeschylus uses it for longing for battle.[2][9]
  • 5th century BC – Herodotus uses it for a man in love with a woman.[2][9]
  • 5th–4th century BC – Plato distinguishes it from φιλέω (philéō).[2][9]
  • 4th century BC – Aristotle says the first cause moves as a thing loved.[2][9]

Meanings

Verb

  1. To be in love with someone, with the genitive; ὁ ἐρῶν, “the lover”, and ὁ ἐρώμενος, ἡ ἐρωμένη, “the beloved”.[2][6]
  2. To love warmly, without sexual reference.[2][6]
  3. To desire something passionately; with an infinitive, to long to do something.[2][6]

Word family

  • ἀντεράω (anteráō)
  • ἐραννός (erannós)
  • ἐραστής (erastḗs)
  • ἐρατός (eratós)
  • ἔρως (érōs)
  • ἐρωμένη (erōménē)
  • ἐρώμενος (erṓmenos)
  • ἐρῶν (erôn)

Usage notes

A separate verb ἐράω, “to pour out, vomit”, is known from Hesychius' gloss ἐρᾶσαι· κενῶσαι and is used mostly in compounds such as ἀπεράω (aperáō) and ἐξεράω (exeráō).[2][10] Chantraine connects it with ἔρα (éra, “earth”), as if “to pour on the ground”.[11][12]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart (1940), A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ Bailly, Anatole (2020), Dictionnaire grec-français, Bailly 2020 Hugo Chávez ed., ed. Gérard Gréco et al.
  5. ^ Rix, Helmut, et al. (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben, 2nd ed., Wiesbaden: Reichert
  6. ^ a b c d e f Дворецкий, И. Х. (1958), Древнегреческо-русский словарь, Moscow: ГИС
  7. ^ Keersmaekers, Alek (2021–2025), GLAUx: The Greek Language Automated corpus, https://github.com/alekkeersmaekers/glaux
  8. ^ Lust, Johan; Eynikel, Erik; Hauspie, Katrin (2003), Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint, rev. ed., Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft
  9. ^ a b c d e Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco, et al., eds. (1980–), Diccionario Griego-Español, Madrid: CSIC, http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge
  10. ^ Pape, Wilhelm (1914), Griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch, 3rd ed., rev. Max Sengebusch, Braunschweig: Vieweg
  11. ^ Charbonnet, André (2025), Chæréphon, v4.7: supplement to Bailly from papyri, inscriptions and recent lexica
  12. ^ Bailly, Anatole (1901), Abrégé du dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette