Etymologically
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ξυρόν

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Pronunciation

  • 5th-century BC Attic: /ksy.rón/[1]
  • 4th-century AD Koine: /ksyˈron/[1]
  • 10th-century Byzantine: /ksyˈron/[1]

Forms

ξῠρόν (xurón) n (genitive ξῠροῦ); second declension[1]

Etymology

It is an inherited word, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ksuró- (“razor”), identical with Sanskrit क्षुर (kṣurá-, “razor”).[2][3][1] It is derived from the root of ξύω (xúō, “to scrape”), Proto-Indo-European *ksew- (“to scrape, shave”).[1][2][4] Because the word is found only in Greek and Indo-Aryan, Specht took both for a shared loan from an unknown source, but Frisk cites well-founded objections to this.[3] Whether the first sense was “knife” or “razor” is not clear.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Its only Homeric use is the proverb in Iliad 10, where life or death “stands on the edge of a razor” (ἐπὶ ξυροῦ ἵσταται ἀκμῆς), that is, hangs in the balance.[5][6][4]

Semantic evolution

The Homeric phrase became a commonplace for a critical moment, used by Theognis, Simonides, Herodotus, the tragedians and Theocritus.[5][6] As a plain razor the word is found in Euripides and Aristophanes, and later in Nicander and Plutarch.[5][6] Its denominatives ξυρέω (xuréō) and ξυράω (xuráō) mean to shave, and the diminutive ξυράφιον, used by Galen, gave Modern Greek ξυράφι (xyráfi), a razor, already found in medieval Greek.[2][3][7]

Timeline

  • Homer – The Iliad has the proverb of standing on a razor's edge.[5][8]
  • 6th century BC – Theognis uses the same phrase of danger.[5][8][9]
  • 5th century BC – Herodotus uses it of affairs that hang on a razor's edge.[5][9]
  • 5th century BC – Euripides uses it for a razor.[5][6][9]
  • 2nd century AD – Galen uses the diminutive ξυράφιον (xuráphion).[2][9]
  • Modern Greek – The diminutive survives as ξυράφι (xyráfi), a razor.[7]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A razor.[5][6]
  2. ἐπὶ ξυροῦ (ἀκμῆς): on a razor's edge, at a critical point where things may go either way.[5][6]

Word family

  • ξυρέω (xuréō)
  • ξυράω (xuráō)
  • ξύριον (xúrion)
  • ξυρίας (xurías)

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  3. ^ a b c Frisk, Hjalmar (1960–1972), Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3 vols, Heidelberg: Carl Winter
  4. ^ a b c Babiniotis, Georgios (2010), Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek], Athens: Κέντρο Λεξικολογίας
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart (1940), A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ a b c d e f Diggle, James, et al., eds. (2021), The Cambridge Greek Lexicon, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  7. ^ a b Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών (Ίδρυμα Μανόλη Τριανταφυλλίδη) (1998), Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής, Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
  8. ^ a b Keersmaekers, Alek (2021–2025), GLAUx: The Greek Language Automated corpus, https://github.com/alekkeersmaekers/glaux
  9. ^ a b c d Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco, et al., eds. (1980–), Diccionario Griego-Español, Madrid: CSIC, http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge