κλύζω
Pronunciation
- 5th-century BC Attic: /klýz.dɔː/[1]
- 4th-century AD Koine: /ˈkly.zo/[1]
- 10th-century Byzantine: /ˈkly.zo/[1]
Forms
κλῠ́ζω (klúzō) [1]
Etymology
It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱlewH- (“to wash, purify”).[1][2] Beekes thinks the present is an enlargement in -ζω (-zō) made within Greek, and the nouns with a dental stem such as κλύδων (klúdōn) back-formations from it; the alternative is that κλύζω is a denominative of those nouns.[2] Germanic also has an enlargement with a dental, in Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌿𐍄𐍂𐍃 (hlūtrs, “clean, pure”), while Welsh clir (“clear, pure”), Latin cluō (“to cleanse”) and Lithuanian šlúoti (“to sweep, wipe”) have none.[2][1] Greek shows no trace of a long ⟨ῡ⟩, which makes the exact reconstruction difficult.[2]
Earliest recorded meaning
In the Iliad and the Odyssey the passive is used of the sea surging up towards the huts, or dashed high by a falling rock.[3][4]
Semantic evolution
In early poetry the subject is the sea, which washes over a shore or a person, or surges up; the Homeric Hymn to Apollo already has the active.[3][4] Aeschylus uses it of suffering that surges like a wave.[4] From washing over came washing away and cleansing: Euripides has the sea that “washes away all the ills of men”, and Xenophon uses it of rinsing a cup.[3][4]
In Hippocratic medicine it meant to give an enema, and its derivatives κλύσμα (klúsma) and κλυστήρ (klustḗr) named the enema and the syringe.[3][2] Inscriptions from Delos and Theocritus use it of coating wood with wax.[3] The compound κατακλύζω (kataklúzō) “to flood” gave κατακλυσμός (kataklusmós) “deluge”, continued as a learned word in Modern Greek.[5] Medieval vernacular Greek kept κλύζω itself.[6]
Timeline
- Homer – The Iliad and the Odyssey use the passive of the sea surging up.[3][4]
- 6th century BC – The Homeric Hymn to Apollo uses the active of a wave washing over someone.[3][4]
- 5th century BC – Hippocratic writers use it of giving an enema, and Euripides of the sea washing away evils.[3][7]
- 5th–4th century BC – Xenophon uses it of rinsing out a cup.[3][4][7]
- 3rd century BC – Delian inscriptions use it of coating with wax.[3]
- 2nd century BC – Polybius uses the passive of land washed by the sea.[3][7]
Meanings
Verb
- Of the sea or waves, to wash over, dash against, or intransitively to surge, splash.[3][4]
- (passive) Of the sea, to surge up; of land, to be washed by the sea.[3][4]
- To wash away, purge, cleanse.[3]
- To rinse out; to put water into the ears to cleanse them.[3][4]
- (medicine) To drench with an enema.[3]
- To coat with wax.[3]
Word family
- ἀνακλύζω (anaklúzō)
- ἀποκλύζω (apoklúzō)
- διακλύζω (diaklúzō)
- ἐκκλύζω (ekklúzō)
- ἐπικλύζω (epiklúzō)
- κατακλύζω (kataklúzō)
- περικλύζω (periklúzō)
- προσκλύζω (prosklúzō)
- εἰσκλύζω (eisklúzō)
- παρακλύζω (paraklúzō)
Related words
- κλύδων (klúdōn)
- κλύσις (klúsis)
- κλύσμα (klúsma)
- κλυστήρ (klustḗr)
- σύγκλυς (súnklus)
- Latin cluō
References
- ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; Jones, Henry Stuart (1940), A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Diggle, James, et al., eds. (2021), The Cambridge Greek Lexicon, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- ^ Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών (Ίδρυμα Μανόλη Τριανταφυλλίδη) (1998), Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής, Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- ^ Kriaras, Emmanuel, Επιτομή του Λεξικού της μεσαιωνικής ελληνικής δημώδους γραμματείας 1100–1669, Κέντρο Ελληνικής Γλώσσας, https://www.greek-language.gr
- ^ a b c Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco, et al., eds. (1980–), Diccionario Griego-Español, Madrid: CSIC, http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge