*hōdijan

Reconstruction

Wiktionary reconstructs *hōdijan.^[1]

Etymology

It is formed from Proto-West Germanic *hōd (“shelter, protection”) + *-jan.^[1] EWA, after Wissmann, writes the West Germanic verb *χōdii̯e/a-.^[2] Köbler sets up a Proto-Germanic verb *hōd- "to guard, to cover" and cites Kluge for *hōdijan.^[3] Kroonen traces Old High German huoten and Old English hēdan to *hōdjan-.^[4]

Morphology

A weak verb of class I.^[5][6][7] Old Frisian also has a class II form *hōdia, which Köbler reconstructs.^[8]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all the West Germanic languages: Old English hēdan,^[9] Old Frisian hōda, also ⟨hūda⟩,^[7] Old Saxon hōdian,^[10] Old Dutch huoden, in the Old Low Franconian psalms of the 10th century,^[11] and Old High German huoten, recorded from 863–871 on.^[6]

Competing analyses

Wiktionary finds the connections of the verb outside West Germanic uncertain: it is often compared with Proto-Germanic *hattuz (“hat”) or Proto-Germanic *hōdaz (“hood”), and might also be a substrate word.^[1] Kroonen thinks *hōda- "hat, hood", which is closely related to *hattu- "hat", may have been the base of the verb, though the verb could in theory be an old causative.^[4] Köbler lists Old English hœ̄dan under the noun *hōda- "shelter".^[12]

Meanings

1. to shelter, to protect, to defend^[1]
2. to guard, to heed^[1]

Old English also used the verb for "to care for",^[9] Old Frisian for "to supervise", "to be answerable for" and, reflexively, "to beware",^[7] and Old Saxon and Old High German for "to observe".^[10][6]

Derivatives

• EWA, after Wissmann, takes Old High German huota (“watch, keeping”) for a noun formed from the verb.^[2]
• Old Frisian has the prefixed bihōda and forhōda.^[7]

Reflexes

• Old English: hēdan (“to guard, to protect, to care for, to heed”)^[9]
• Old Frisian: hōda (“to guard, to keep, to protect, to supervise”)^[7]
• Old Saxon: hōdian (“to guard, to watch over, to observe”)^[10]
• Old Dutch: huoden (“to guard, to keep”)^[11]
• Old High German: huoten (“to guard, to keep, to observe, to protect”)^[6]

References

1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hōdijan
2. ^ a b Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. huota
3. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hōd-
4. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 238
5. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hōdian
6. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. huoten
7. ^ a b c d e Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hōda
8. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altfriesisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hōdia
9. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hēdan
10. ^ a b c Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. hōdian
11. ^ a b Oudnederlands Woordenboek (2009–), Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal, Leiden; gtb.ivdnt.org, p. s.v. huoden
12. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hōda-, *hōdaz