*hlaupaną

Reconstruction

The infinitive is *hlaupaną in Wiktionary and Ringe,^[1][2] *xlaupanan in Orel^[3] and *hlaupan in Köbler;^[4] Kroonen cites the stem *hlaupan-,^[5] Seebold the root HLAUP-A-.^[6] Its origin is unclear.^[7][6]

Etymology

Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *klewb- (“to spring, to hop”),^[1] but Mailhammer counts it among the strong verbs with no Indo-European etymology,^[7] Seebold finds no usable comparison,^[6] and Lehmann calls the etymology unknown.^[8]

Morphology

A reduplicating strong verb, class VII.^[7][8][9] Seebold records the full set of strong forms in Old Norse and Old English, but only present forms in Gothic.^[6] Outside the ablaut series stands Old High German loffōn (“to overflow”), from *hlup-ō-.^[6][2] Kroonen takes the strong verb as a back-formation to the iterative *hluppōną, from *klup-néh₂-, the p continuing a pre-Germanic geminate.^[5]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all three branches.^[5] Gothic has only the compound Gothic 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (ushlaupan, “to leap up”), recorded once, as a present participle at Mark 10:50.^[8] North and West Germanic have the simple verb: Old Norse hlaupa, Old English hlēapan, Old Frisian hlāpa, Old Saxon hlōpan and Old High German loufan, hloufan.^[5] Old Saxon records only the plural preterite, in the Heliand.^[6]

Competing analyses

Kroonen compares Lithuanian klùpti (“to stumble”) and Latvian klupt (“to stumble”), from *klu-m-p-.^[5] Orel, after Hoffmann, compares Lithuanian šlùbti (“to become lame”) and klùbti (“to stumble”), and Latvian slubît (“to limp”).^[3] Feist reports the comparison with the Baltic words for "kneel, stumble" on the assumption of an Indo-European double root *klub-, *klup-.^[10] De Vries found that link very doubtful because of the meaning,^[11] and Seebold thinks it can be defended only on form.^[6]

Meanings

1. to leap, to jump^[5][3][1]
2. to run^[4]

Old English also used the verb for "to dance",^[5][12] Old Frisian for "to flow",^[13] and Old High German for "to hurry" and "to flow".^[9]

Derivatives

• *hlaupą "leap; course, race".^[14][15]
• *hlaupiz "walking", with *ainahlaupiz "single, unmarried".^[16][17]
• *brūdihlaupą "wedding", from *brūdiz "bride" and *hlaupą.^[18] Seebold notes that neither "bridal dance" nor "bringing the bride home at a run" explains how it came to mean "wedding".^[6]
• A causative *hlaupjan-: Old Norse hleypa (“to make run, to ride”),^[6] and perhaps Old Frisian hlēpa (“to summon”).^[5]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌿𐍃𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍀𐌰𐌽 (ushlaupan, “to leap up”), only in the compound^[10]
• Old Norse: hlaupa (“to run, to leap”)^[11]
• Old English: hlēapan (“to run, to leap, to dance”)^[12]
• Old Frisian: hlāpa (“to run, to walk, to flow”)^[13]
• Old Saxon: hlōpan (“to run”), only in the preterite^[5][6]
• Old High German: loufan (“to run, to hurry, to flow”)^[9]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hlaupaną
2. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 260
3. ^ a b c Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xlaupanan
4. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hlaupan
5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 229
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Seebold, Elmar (1970), Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben, The Hague / Paris: Mouton, p. HLAUP-A-
7. ^ a b c Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 225
8. ^ a b c Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. *us-hlaupan
9. ^ a b c Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. loufan
10. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. us-hlaupan
11. ^ a b de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. hlaupa
12. ^ a b Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hlēapan
13. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hlāpa
14. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hlaupą
15. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xlaupan
16. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hlaupiz
17. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *aina-xlaupiz
18. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *brūdihlaupą