*hlaþaną

Reconstruction

The infinitive is *hlaþaną in Wiktionary and Ringe,^[1][2] *xlaþanan in Orel^[3] and *hlaþan or *hladan in Köbler.^[4] Kroonen cites it by its stem *hlaþan-, Mailhammer as *hlaþa-.^[5][6]

Etymology

It is from Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- (“to put, to lay out”).^[1][5]

Morphology

A strong verb of class VI,^[6][4] with the principal parts *hlaþaną, *hlōþ, *hlōdun, *hladanaz.^[2] Since the Balto-Slavic cognates point to a root *kleh₂-, Kroonen takes the dental of the Germanic verb as a suffix: a t was added when the old aorist *klōt, from *kléh₂-t, was reanalysed as a perfect, after *ā and *ō had merged but before the great sound shifts.^[5]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽 (afhlaþan, “to burden, to load down”), Old Norse hlaða, Old English hladan, Old Frisian hleda, Old Saxon hladan and Old High German ladan.^[5] Gothic has only the compound, in the participle Gothic 𐌰𐍆𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 (afhlaþana) at 2 Timothy 3:6.^[7] The verb was borrowed into Finnic: LÄGLOS derives Finnish latoa (“to pile up, to load”) from *hlaþan- or Proto-Norse *hlaþan.^[8]

Competing analyses

Kroonen and Orel compare Lithuanian klóti (“to spread out”) and Proto-Slavic *klasti (“to put”),^[5][3] and Wiktionary Russian клад (klad, “treasure”).^[1] Köbler gives this root, PIE *klā- "to lay down", or, after Seebold, PIE *kel- "to drive".^[4] Mailhammer classes its Indo-European etymology as uncertain.^[6]

Meanings

1. to load^[5][4][1]

Old Norse and Old English also used the verb for "to pile up" and "to build".^[5]

Derivatives

• *hlassą "load", from a pre-Proto-Germanic *klatstóm "thing loaded",^[9] and *hlastiz "load".^[10]
• *hlōdijaną "to load", a ja-verb.^[11]
• *xlađan "pile, stack" and *xlaþōn "storehouse, barn" in Orel.^[12][13]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌸𐌰𐌽 (afhlaþan, “to load down”)^[7]
• Old Norse: hlaða (“to load, to build up”)^[14]
• Old English: hladan (“to load, to draw, to heap up, to build”)^[15]
• Old Frisian: hleda (“to load”)^[16]
• Old Saxon: hladan (“to load, to take in”)^[17]
• Old High German: ladan (“to load, to burden”)^[18]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hlaþaną
2. ^ a b Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 276
3. ^ a b Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xlaþanan
4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hlaþan
5. ^ a b c d e f g Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 229
6. ^ a b c Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 223
7. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. afhlaþan
8. ^ Kylstra, A. D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Osmo (1991–2012), Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen, 3 vols, Amsterdam / Atlanta / New York: Rodopi, p. 174
9. ^ Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 106
10. ^ Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 248
11. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hlōdijaną
12. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xlađan
13. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xlaþōn
14. ^ Köbler, Gerhard, Altnordisches Wörterbuch, online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary database copy), p. s.v. hlaða 2
15. ^ Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hladan
16. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hleda
17. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hladan
18. ^ Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. ladan