*hiz

Reconstruction

Wiktionary's title is *hiz, a demonstrative "this".^[1]

Etymology

It is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *ḱís (“this”).^[1] Kroonen heads it *hi- and derives it from PIE *ḱi-;^[2] Ringe writes the stem *hi- ~ *he-,^[3] Orel *xī̆,^[4] and Köbler both *hez, *hiz and *hi-, *hia.^[5][6] Ringe allows that the *e of the stem had already been replaced by *i in Proto-Germanic, though some developments in the daughters are easier to explain if it survived longer.^[3]

Morphology

A pronoun inherited from PIE together with the third-person pronoun *iz, with which it rhymed; the third-person pronoun lacked the initial *h-.^[3] Gothic kept the dative 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (himma), the accusative 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌰 (hina) and the neuter 𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌰 (hita).^[2] West Germanic kept an old instrumental *hiō, from *ḱi-oh₁, in fixed phrases for "today".^[2] Wiktionary gives *hijō as the feminine nominative singular.^[7]

Evidence

Kroonen calls it a marginally attested pronoun.^[2] In the sense "this" it survives only in fixed phrases in Gothic and Old High German, while in northern West Germanic it became the third-person pronoun.^[3] Gothic has 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (fram himma, “from this time on”) at John 13:19, 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰 (himma daga, “today”) at Matthew 6:11, 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰 (und hina daga, “unto this day”) at Matthew 11:23 and 𐌿𐌽𐌳 𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌰 (und hita, “until now”) at Matthew 11:12.^[8] As the third-person pronoun it is Old English hē, Old Saxon hē and Old High German hē, all "he".^[4] In Old Norse the stem is fused in Old Norse hinn (“that”), whose runic accusative hino stands on the Strøm whetstone, which de Vries dates to 600–650, and hin on the Eggja stone of about 700.^[9][8]

Competing analyses

Kroonen compares the Hittite, Lithuanian, Old Church Slavonic and Armenian pronouns for "this", from *ḱi-, and the final element of Latin ecce and Latin hic, from *ḱe.^[2] Orel compares Lithuanian šìs (“this”), Proto-Slavic *sь, Albanian si-vjet (“this year”) and Hittite ka- (“this one”).^[4] De Vries explains Old Norse hinn as a compound of the PIE stems *ko- and *eno-.^[9]

Meanings

1. this^[2][3][1]

In northern West Germanic the pronoun came to mean "he".^[3] Old Frisian also used it as a noun for the male of a bird.^[10]

Derivatives

• *hē₂r "here", with a locative *-r;^[11] Kroonen writes *hiar, from PIE *ḱi-or, after Kortlandt,^[2] Orel *xē2r.^[12]
• *hidrê "hither", with *-drê;^[13] Orel *xiđrēt, which he compares structurally with Latin citrā.^[14]
• *hinō dagō "today", with the instrumental of *dagaz.^[15]
• Orel also derives *xinđanē̆ "behind" and the comparative *xinđr(ōn) "behind, beyond" from this pronoun.^[16]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (himma, “to this”), 𐌷𐌹𐌽𐌰 (hina, “this”), 𐌷𐌹𐍄𐌰 (hita, “this”), only in fixed phrases^[17]
• Old Norse: hinn (“that”), a compound^[9]
• Old English: hē (“he”)^[18]
• Old Frisian: hī (“he”)^[10]
• Old Saxon: hē (“he”)^[19]
• Old High German: hē (“he”) in Orel's list;^[4] the old instrumental in hiutu (“today”)^[2]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hiz
2. ^ a b c d e f g h Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 225
3. ^ a b c d e f Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 321
4. ^ a b c d Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xī̆
5. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hez
6. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *hi-
7. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hijō
8. ^ a b Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the third edition of Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache by Sigmund Feist, Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. hi-
9. ^ a b c de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. hinn
10. ^ a b Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. hī
11. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hē₂r
12. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xē2r
13. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hidrê
14. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *xiđrēt
15. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *hinō dagō
16. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 172–173
17. ^ Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. himma
18. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hē
19. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. hē