*draganą

Reconstruction

The infinitive is *draganą in Wiktionary,^[1] *đraʒanan in Orel^[2] and *dragan in Köbler.^[3] Kroonen cites the verb by its stem *dragan-,^[4] Seebold as DRAG-A-.^[5]

Etymology

Wiktionary has it from Proto-Indo-European *dʰregʰ- (“to pull, draw, drag”), the traditional derivation, through a PIE *dʰrógʰ-e-ti, and notes that Kroonen leaves the origin open.^[1] Kroonen sets up *dʰrógʰ-e- but finds no clear etymology.^[4]

Morphology

A strong verb of class VI.^[6][7] Kroonen calls it an o-grade intensive verb.^[4] Mailhammer puts it among the strong verbs with an inexact Indo-European etymology.^[6]

Evidence

The verb is attested in all three branches: Gothic 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dragan), Old Norse draga, Old English dragan, Old Frisian draga, Old Saxon dragan and Old High German tragan.^[2] The Gothic simplex occurs only once, at 2 Timothy 4:3 in Codex B, where Codex A has Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gadragan).^[8][7] Old Norse and Old English use it for "to pull, to drag", while Old Frisian, Old Saxon and Old High German use it for "to carry".^[9] LÄGLOS connects Karelian rahe (“winter dragnet”) with a Proto-Germanic *draǥan-, Proto-Norse *draǥan, comparing Old Norse draga (“to pull, to drag”).^[10]

Competing analyses

Kroonen rejects the usual comparisons.^[4] In his view Ancient Greek τρέχω (trékhō, “to run”) more likely belongs with *þragjan- "to run".^[4] The Russian word for "road, journey" and a Serbo-Croatian word for "valley" have a root ending in a voiced stop and so cannot be related either.^[4] And Latin trahō (“to pull, to haul”) is impossible because of its initial t.^[4] Orel instead equates the verb with Albanian dredh (“to turn, to rotate”), from a Proto-Albanian *dradza, and compares an Armenian verb "to turn";^[2] he lists the older comparisons with Latin, with Slavic *dorga "road" and with Greek "to run".^[2] Feist compared Avestan and Old Church Slavonic verbs meaning "to hold fast".^[8] Holthausen connected Norwegian dorg (“fishing line”) and the Russian word for "road".^[9]

Meanings

1. to draw, to pull, to carry^[4][1]

Gothic used the verb for "to load on, to accumulate",^[7] Old English also for "to draw out" and "to go",^[9] Old Saxon for "to carry, to bring".^[4]

Derivatives

• *drahtu- "pull", a tu-stem, remodelled as a ti-stem in West Germanic;^[4] Wiktionary has *drahtuz "pulling, carrying", Orel *đraxtuz.^[11][12]
• *drōgiz "drawing, able to be drawn", a vṛddhi gerundive.^[13]
• *druggōn- "to pull, drag", an iterative,^[14] and, in all likelihood, the North Germanic *drēkō- "streak".^[15] Kroonen asks whether *durgō- "fishing-line" is related.^[16]
• Nouns that Orel derives from the verb: *đraʒilaz, behind Old High German tregil (“bearer”), *đraʒōn and *đraʒan.^[17][18][19]
• With prefixes: *fradraganą "to draw away; to endure" and *gadraganą "to draw together, to accumulate".^[20][21]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌳𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dragan, “to carry, to load on”)^[8]
• Old Norse: draga (“to pull, to entice, to travel, to draw breath”)^[22]
• Old English: dragan (“to pull, to drag, to draw out; to go”)^[9]
• Old Frisian: drega (“to carry, to bring in, to amount to, to endure”)^[23]
• Old Saxon: dragan (“to carry, to bring, to serve, to bear”)^[24]
• Old High German: tragan (“to carry, to bear, to bring, to have”)^[25]

References

1. ^ a b c Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *draganą
2. ^ a b c d Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *đraʒanan
3. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *dragan
4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 99
5. ^ Seebold, Elmar (1970), Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben, The Hague / Paris: Mouton, p. DRAG-A-
6. ^ a b Mailhammer, Robert (2007), The Germanic Strong Verbs: Foundations and Development of a New System, Trends in Linguistics 183, Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 223
7. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. dragan
8. ^ a b c Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. dragan
9. ^ a b c d Holthausen, Ferdinand (1934), Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. dragan
10. ^ Kylstra, A. D.; Hahmo, Sirkka-Liisa; Hofstra, Tette; Nikkilä, Osmo (1991–2012), Lexikon der älteren germanischen Lehnwörter in den ostseefinnischen Sprachen, 3 vols, Amsterdam / Atlanta / New York: Rodopi, p. 102
11. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *drahtuz
12. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *đraxtuz
13. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *drōgiz
14. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 104
15. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 101
16. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 110
17. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *đraʒilaz
18. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *đraʒōn
19. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. s.v. *đraʒan
20. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *fradraganą
21. ^ Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *gadraganą
22. ^ de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. draga
23. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. drega
24. ^ Tiefenbach, Heinrich (2010), Altsächsisches Handwörterbuch / A Concise Old Saxon Dictionary, Berlin / New York: De Gruyter, p. s.v. dragan
25. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 6th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. tragan