*þiudiskaz

Reconstruction

The adjective is *þiudiskaz in Wiktionary and Ringe,^[1][2] *þeudiska- in Kroonen and Köbler,^[3][4] and *þeuđiskaz in Orel.^[5]

Etymology

It is formed from Proto-Germanic *þeudō (“people, nation”) + *-iskaz;^[1][5] Feist too derives the adverb from Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 (þiuda, “people”) with the suffix *-iska-.^[6]

Morphology

An adjective in *-iska-.^[2] Ringe says that this suffix formed adjectives of characteristic in Proto-Germanic, as in *manniskaz "human" and *þiudiskaz "tribal"; a suffix *-isko- is widespread in the European branches of Indo-European, but its function is hard to determine.^[2]

Evidence

The word is attested in all three branches.^[5] Gothic has only the adverb Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (þiudisko, “in the manner of the gentiles”) at Galatians 2:14, translating a Greek adverb.^[7] Orel lists Old Norse þýðverskr (“German”), which he finds phonetically irregular and perhaps a loan, Old English þēodisc (“gentile, belonging to a people”), Old Saxon thiudisk and Old High German diutisc.^[5] Kroonen notes that the base word was tied to cultural and above all linguistic identity, which gave Old High German diutisk (“the people's language”).^[3]

The word is recorded first in Medieval Latin, as Medieval Latin theodiscus: EWA cites an Anglo-Saxon synod of 786, whose decisions were to be read "tam latine quam theodisce", and the judgment against Duke Tassilo of 788, "quod theodisca lingua harisliz dicitur".^[8] The native Old High German word appears only in the 10th century, in the Tegernsee glosses to Virgil and then in Notker.^[8]

Meanings

1. of the people, popular, national^[1][4]
2. of the tribe, tribal^[1][2]

Gothic used the adverb for "like the heathen",^[7] and Old English the adjective for "heathen" and, as a noun, for "language".^[6] Medieval Latin theodiscus meant "vernacular, not Latin", while in Notker the Old High German word already means "German".^[8]

Reflexes

• Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉 (þiudisko, “in the manner of the gentiles”), an adverb^[7]
• Old Norse: þýðverskr (“German”)^[9]
• Old English: þēodisc (“gentile, belonging to a people”), in Orel's list^[5]
• Old Frisian: thiūdisk (“German, Dutch”)^[10]
• Old Saxon: thiudisk (“of the people, German”)^[11]
• Old High German: diutisc (“German”)^[8]

References

1. ^ a b c d Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org, p. s.v. *þiudiskaz
2. ^ a b c d Ringe, Don (2017), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 326
3. ^ a b Kroonen, Guus (2013), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 539
4. ^ a b Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Germanisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. *þeudiska-
5. ^ a b c d e Orel, Vladimir (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden / Boston: Brill, p. 422
6. ^ a b Feist, Sigmund (1939), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache, 3rd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. þiudisko
7. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Gotisches Wörterbuch, 4th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. þiudiskō
8. ^ a b c d Lloyd, Albert L.; Springer, Otto; Lühr, Rosemarie, et al. (1988–), Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; online ewa.saw-leipzig.de, p. s.v. diutisc
9. ^ de Vries, Jan (1977), Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed., Leiden: Brill, p. s.v. þýðverskr
10. ^ Hofmann, Dietrich; Popkema, Anne Tjerk (2008), Altfriesisches Handwörterbuch, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, p. s.v. thiūdisk
11. ^ Köbler, Gerhard (2014), Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 5th ed., online, koeblergerhard.de/wikiling, p. s.v. thiudisk