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envers

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French has two words spelled envers: the preposition “towards” and the noun “reverse side”.[1][2][3]

envers1 towards

Pronunciation

  • IPA: /ɑ̃.vɛʁ/[4]

Forms

envers[4]

Etymology

The preposition is a compound from French en + vers.[2][3][1][5] vers “towards” continues Latin versus (“turned towards”), first an adverb, from vertō (“to turn”).[3]

It matches Old Occitan enves and Italian inverso.[6][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Passion of Clermont (late 10th century) has it for “towards” with movement: envers Jesum sos olz torned “he turned his eyes towards Jesus”.[2][7]

Semantic evolution

The spatial and temporal uses have died out.[7] The Chanson de Roland (about 1100) has it for “against”, in a hostile sense, which survives in envers et contre tous (1532; first envers tous et encontre tous, 1440–1475), words that ended the old oaths of fealty;[2][7][8] envers et contre tout “in spite of every obstacle” is from the 20th century.[2][7][8] The laws of William the Conqueror (first half of the 12th century) have the neutral sense “with regard to”, now the usual one.[2][7]

It also meant “in the eyes of, with” (12th century), as in Corneille (1642), a use since lost, like the adverb “about” (1651).[2][7]

Timeline

  • late 10th century – “Towards”, in the Passion of Clermont.[2]
  • c. 1100 – “Against”, in the Chanson de Roland.[2]
  • 1st half of the 12th century – “With regard to”.[2]
  • 1532 – Envers et contre tous, in Rabelais.[7][5]
  • 1642 – “In the eyes of”, in Corneille's Polyeucte.[2]

Meanings

Preposition

  1. Towards, with regard to (a person or thing, after a word of feeling or conduct): être reconnaissant envers un bienfaiteur, il est bien disposé envers vous.[5][8]
  2. Envers et contre tous: in spite of everyone's opposition, envers et contre tout, in spite of all obstacles.[8][7]
  3. (archaic) In the eyes of, with.[8][2]

envers2 reverse side

Pronunciation

  • IPA: /ɑ̃.vɛʁ/[4]

Forms

envers m (invariable)[4]

Etymology

The noun is inherited from Old French envers (“on one's back, upside down”), an old adjective used as a noun; the adjective (late 10th century) lasted until the 16th century and continues inherited from Latin inversus (“turned over”), past participle of invertō (“to turn over, invert”), from in- and vertō (“to turn”).[7][3][1][4][6] inverse is a learned doublet.[4]

Compare Old Occitan envers, both adjective and noun.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The noun is found about 1170; in 1229 it is the wrong side of a fabric, opposite the endroit.[7][8]

Semantic evolution

À deux envers, said of a fabric with two identical sides (13th century), came to mean “two-faced” (18th century).[7] À l'envers (about 1380) is “on the wrong side”, then “the wrong way round” (before 1526), “upside down, in disorder” (1538); avoir la tête à l'envers is in Furetière (1690).[7] Before 1592 the noun took the sense “the hidden side (of a thing)”, whence l'envers vaut l'endroit and l'envers du décor “the seamy side”.[7][8]

Wiktionary derives verlan, the slang that inverts syllables, from l'envers.[4]

Timeline

  • late 10th century – The adjective envers “on one's back”.[1][7]
  • c. 1170 – The noun.[7][1]
  • 1229 – The wrong side of a fabric.[7][8]
  • c. 1380 – À l'envers.[7]
  • before 1592 – “The hidden side”.[7]
  • 1690 – Avoir la tête à l'envers, in Furetière.[7]

Meanings

Noun

  1. The reverse side, wrong side, back (of a fabric, a sheet, a leaf), opposed to endroit: l'envers et l'endroit.[8][4]
  2. (figurative) The other, hidden side of something: l'envers du décor, the seamy side.[8][4]
  3. À l'envers: inside out, upside down, the wrong way round, avoir la tête à l'envers, to be in a muddle.[7][4]

Word family

  • verlan

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Rey, Alain, ed. (2005), Le Grand Robert de la langue française, electronic version, Paris: Le Robert
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
  3. ^ a b c d e Bloch, Oscar; Wartburg, Walther von (1989), Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, 8th ed., Paris: Presses universitaires de France
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  5. ^ a b c Guilbert, Louis; Lagane, René; Niobey, Georges, eds. (1971–1978; 1989), Grand Larousse de la langue française, Paris: Larousse
  6. ^ a b Littré, Émile (1873–1877), Dictionnaire de la langue française, 4 vols. and supplement, Paris: Hachette
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rey-Debove, Josette; Rey, Alain, eds. (2007), Le Petit Robert de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert