Etymologically
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couteau

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Pronunciation

  • IPA: /ku.to/[1]

Forms

couteau m (plural couteaux)[1] Old French coltel, coutel (nominative cultels, cultaus); couteau from 1316.[2][3][4]

Etymology

It is inherited from Old French coltel, inherited from Latin cultellus (“small knife”),[2][3][5][1][6] the diminutive of culter (“knife; ploughshare”), which itself gave coutre “coulter”.[2][3][5] The diminutive was the everyday word for “knife”.[3] Rey connects culter with an Indo-European root Proto-Indo-European *(s)kel- (“to cut”).[3] It is not related to couper.[1]

Cognate with Italian coltello, Occitan coltel and Spanish cuchillo.[5][4]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Couronnement de Louis (about 1130) has coltel for a cutting tool.[2][3]

Semantic evolution

Besides the knife itself, the word was used in falconry for certain feathers (about 1265),[2] for the razor clam (Cotgrave, 1611)[2][1] and for the knife-edge on which a balance pivots (1863).[2] Être à couteaux tirés “to be at daggers drawn” is from 1680, after a 1586 phrase.[2][3] The couteau de Jeannot, whose blade and handle are replaced in turn, became a proverb for something constantly renewed yet the same.[3]

Derivatives include coutelier “cutler” (12th century), coutellerie (1260) and coutelas “cutlass” (1564).[5]

Timeline

  • c. 1130 – Coltel.[2][3]
  • 12th century – Coutelier.[5]
  • 1316 – Couteau.[2][7]
  • 1564 – Coutelas.[5]
  • 1611 – The razor clam.[2]
  • 1680 – Être à couteaux tirés.[2][3]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A knife.[8][1]
  2. A razor clam.[1][2]
  3. The knife-edge on which a balance beam pivots.[2]
  4. Être à couteaux tirés: to be at daggers drawn.[8][2]

Word family

  • coutelas
  • coutelier
  • coutellerie
  • fourchette
  • coutre
  • Latin cultellus

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  4. ^ a b Littré, Émile (1873–1877), Dictionnaire de la langue française, 4 vols. and supplement, Paris: Hachette
  5. ^ a b c d e f Bloch, Oscar; Wartburg, Walther von (1989), Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, 8th ed., Paris: Presses universitaires de France
  6. ^ Wartburg, Walther von, et al. (1922–2002), Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 25 vols., Bonn / Leipzig / Basel: Klopp / Teubner / Zbinden, p. 2, 1498b
  7. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (2005), Le Grand Robert de la langue française, electronic version, Paris: Le Robert
  8. ^ a b Rey-Debove, Josette; Rey, Alain, eds. (2007), Le Petit Robert de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert