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air

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French air is two words: the air one breathes, inherited from Latin, with the sense “appearance, manner” that grew out of it, and air “tune”, a sense borrowed from Italian aria.[1][2]

air1 air; appearance

Pronunciation

Forms

air m (plural airs)[3]

Etymology

It is inherited from Old French air, inherited from Latin āēr (“air”) (accusative “aerem”),[4][5][2][6] from Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr, “mist; air”).[5][3] The traditional link of the Greek word with ἄημι (áēmi, “to blow”) is now abandoned, and no other explanation is certain.[5] In the Gallo-Romance dialects it often means “wind”.[2] Cognate with Italian aria, from the Greek accusative “aera”, and Spanish aire.[2][7]

The sense “appearance, manner” grew out of the first through uses such as l'air de la cour“ “the atmosphere of the court”, according to Bloch and Wartburg, the Grand Robert and the Petit Robert;[2][1][8] Italian ”aria developed the same sense.[2] The Grand Robert adds the influence of Old French aire (“nest; family; nature”),[1] and Littré took that word as the true source of the sense.[9]

Earliest recorded meaning

Philippe de Thaon's Comput (1119) has L'airs tut entur s'estent, the air that stretches all round the earth.[4][5]

Semantic evolution

Old forms include ar (13th century) and aer (13th–16th centuries).[5] The sense “wind” is recorded in 1275 and “gust” in 1549, now coup d'air and courant d'air.[5] Many phrases rest on the first sense: changer d'air (before 1475), prendre l'air (1510, “to go for a walk”, 1669), en l'air and tirer en l'air (1660), and c'est dans l'air (1835).[5][10] In 18th-century chemistry air meant any gas (air inflammable, 1780), a sense taken over by gaz.[5] From the late 19th century l'air is also the domain of flight and aviation (hôtesse de l'air, armée de l'air).[5]

The sense “outward appearance, look” appears in Montaigne (1580):[2][8] avoir l'air “to seem”, un air de famille, prendre de grands airs “to put on airs”.[8][11]

Timeline

  • 1119 – Airs in Philippe de Thaon.[4]
  • 1275 – “Wind, moving air”.[4]
  • Before 1475 – Changer d'air.[5]
  • 1580 – “Appearance, manner” in Montaigne.[2][8]
  • 1669 – Prendre l'air “to go for a walk”.[5]
  • 1780 – Air inflammable “hydrogen”.[5]
  • 1835 – C'est dans l'air.[5]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Air, the gas that forms the atmosphere: air pur, courant d'air, prendre l'air.[8][12]
  2. The space above the ground; flight, aviation: en l'air, armée de l'air.[5][3]
  3. Dans l'air: in the air, about to happen or widely felt.[5]
  4. Appearance, look, manner: un air étonné, avoir l'air fatigué, air de famille.[8][11]
  5. (in the plural) Airs, affectations: prendre de grands airs.[8][3]

Word family

  • aérer
  • courant d'air
  • plein air

air2 tune

Pronunciation

Forms

air m (plural airs)[8]

Etymology

The musical sense is a semantic loan from Italian aria (“air; manner; tune”),[2][1] in which the sense “song” grew out of “manner”, as in German Weise (“manner; melody”).[2] Spanish “aire” took the same sense from Italian.[2]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is first found in 1578, in the title of Fabrice Marin Caietain's Airs mis en musique à quatre parties on poems by Ronsard;[10][1] the dictionaries had dated it to Régnier (1608).[10]

Semantic evolution

Claude Le Jeune's Airs followed in 1608.[10] The word names a melody, sung or played, and a piece for solo voice in an opera (air d'opéra).[11][8] The phrase c'est l'air qui fait la chanson means that tone gives words their real meaning, and en avoir l'air et la chanson “to be what one seems”.[11]

Timeline

  • 1578 – Airs mis en musique by Fabrice Marin Caietain.[10]
  • 1608 – Claude Le Jeune's Airs.[10]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A tune, melody; a song.[11][3]
  2. An aria in an opera: air d'opéra.[11][8]

Word family

  • ariette
  • aire
  • aérien
  • Ancient Greek ἀήρ (aḗr)
  • English air

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Rey, Alain, ed. (2005), Le Grand Robert de la langue française, electronic version, Paris: Le Robert
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bloch, Oscar; Wartburg, Walther von (1989), Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française, 8th ed., Paris: Presses universitaires de France
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  4. ^ a b c d Trésor de la langue française informatisé (2004), ATILF – CNRS & Université de Lorraine, atilf.fr/tlfi; electronic version of Imbs, Paul; Quemada, Bernard, eds. (1971–1994), Trésor de la langue française, Paris: CNRS / Gallimard
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  6. ^ Wartburg, Walther von, et al. (1922–2002), Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 25 vols., Bonn / Leipzig / Basel: Klopp / Teubner / Zbinden, p. 24, 221a
  7. ^ Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm (1935), Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed., Heidelberg: Winter
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Rey-Debove, Josette; Rey, Alain, eds. (2007), Le Petit Robert de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert
  9. ^ Littré, Émile (1873–1877), Dictionnaire de la langue française, 4 vols. and supplement, Paris: Hachette
  10. ^ a b c d e f Quemada, Bernard, ed. (1959–2006), Datations et documents lexicographiques (Base historique du vocabulaire français, BHVF), Paris: Klincksieck / CNRS / Champion; ATILF
  11. ^ a b c d e f Dictionnaire de français Larousse, larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais (accessed 2024)
  12. ^ Dictionnaire Le Robert en ligne, dictionnaire.lerobert.com (accessed 2024)